ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Pseudomeningocele formation from incidental durotomy is a known risk in spine surgery. We present a case of incidental durotomy leading to anterior neck pseudomeningocele, compressing the carotid body (CB) resulting in syncopal episodes. To our knowledge, this is the first case report implicating syncopal episodes to CB compression via a pseudomeningocele. CASE PRESENTATION: A mid sixty-year-old patient with history of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes presented with gait impairment and hand weakness. Ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) was diagnosed with computed tomography imaging (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Elective surgery was completed with an anterior and posterior approach for decompression and fusion. Hospital course (San Jose, CA, USA) was complicated by respiratory depression and incomplete tetraplegia. On post-operative day (POD) six, CT revealed anterolateral soft tissue neck swelling; subsequent CT and MRI showed fluid collection expansion, with associated syncopal episodes on POD thirty-nine. Despite interventional radiology drainage, the fluid collection and symptoms returned five days later. The patient ultimately underwent durotomy revision and repair with muscle patch. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: This case highlights the challenges in managing anterior cervical dural tears resulting in pseudomeningocele. Risk factors include anterior cervical corpectomy and decompression, as well as an underlying diagnosis of OPLL. Untreated dural tears may develop into pseudomeningoceles which can contribute to life-threatening outcomes. CONCLUSION: This case report presents the serious consequences of incidental durotomy, the unique post-surgical complication of syncope due to compression of the CB from a pseudomeningocele, and the challenges of managing a persistent pseudomeningocele.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Pediatric outpatient procedures can be traumatic experiences for patients. This retrospective study, evaluates intramuscular midazolam as a safe option for anxiolysis during spasticity management injections. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of 72 patients from a Tertiary Pediatric Hospital Outpatient Clinic. One hundred and twenty injections were administered over two years by a single practitioner. Comorbidities included asthma, sleep apnea, chronic obstructive disease, and epilepsy. Duration of sedation, safety of midazolam as determined through the use of the REACT (Respiration, Energy, Alertness, Circulation, Temperature) score, and frequency of side effects (prolonged sedation, breakthrough crying, medication reversal, and emergent evaluation) were recorded. A student's t test evaluated the relationship between the above comorbidities and duration of sedation. RESULTS: The average duration of sedation was 29 minutes (95% CI 26.51-31.35) with an average dose of midazolam of 0.20 mg/kg (95% CI 0.9-0.21). None of the subjects required medication reversal or emergent evaluation. 39% of the patients had prolonged sedation (> 30 minutes after medication administration), 22% had breakthrough crying, and 0% had respiratory events requiring oxygen, intubation or an emergency evaluation. No statistical significance found between the comorbidities and duration of sedation. CONCLUSION: Intramuscular midazolam is a possible effective anxiolytic medication strategy for outpatient pediatric injections. Additional studies are needed to ensure its safety and efficacy.
