Fractional Anisotropy is a More Sensitive Diagnostic Biomarker Than Mean Kurtosis for Patients with Parkinson Disease with Cognitive Dysfunction: A Diffusional Kurtosis Map Tract-Based Spatial Statistics Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is heterogeneity of white matter damage in Parkinson's disease patients with different cognitive states. Our aim was to find sensitive diffusional kurtosis imaging biomarkers to differentiate the white matter damage pattern of mild cognitive impairment and dementia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen patients with Parkinson disease with mild cognitive impairment and 18 patients with Parkinson disease with dementia were prospectively enrolled. All participants underwent MR examination with 3D-T1-weighted image and diffusional kurtosis imaging sequences. Demographic data were compared between the 2 groups. Voxelwise statistical analyses of diffusional kurtosis imaging parameters were performed using tract-based spatial statistics. The receiver operator characteristic curve of significantly different metrics was graphed. The correlation of significantly different metrics with global cognitive status was analyzed. RESULTS: Compared with the Parkinson disease with mild cognitive impairment group, the fractional anisotropy and mean kurtosis values decreased in 4 independent clusters in the forceps minor, forceps major, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and the inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculus in patients with Parkinson disease with dementia; the mean diffusivity decreased in 1 cluster in the forceps minor. The fractional anisotropy value in the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and inferior longitudinal fasciculus would be the diffusional kurtosis imaging marker for the differential diagnosis of Parkinson disease with mild cognitive impairment and patients with Parkinson disease with dementia, with the best diagnostic efficiency of 0.853. The fractional anisotropy values in the forceps minor (ß = 84.20, P < .001) and years of education (ß = 0.38, P = .014) were positively correlated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The diffusional kurtosis imaging-derived fractional anisotropy and mean kurtosis can detect the different white matter damage patterns of Parkinson disease with mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson disease with dementia. Fractional anisotropy is more sensitive than mean kurtosis in the differential diagnosis; fractional anisotropy derived from diffusional kurtosis imaging could become a promising imaging marker for the differential diagnosis of Parkinson disease with mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson disease with dementia.

DTI-ALPS index decreased in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Backgrounds: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has become a significant global public health issue, characterized by a rising prevalence and associated deficits across multiple organ systems. Our study aims to utilize the DTI-ALPS technique to assess the change of ALPS index in T2DM patients, and to explore whether such changes are correlated with cognition level and diffusion parameters. Methods: The study involved 41 patients with T2DM (mean age, 60.49 ± 8.88 years) and 27 healthy controls (mean age, 58.00 ± 7.63 years). All subjects underwent MRI examination, cognitive assessment, and laboratory tests. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) was used to evaluate white matter changes. GLM was performed to check the DTI-ALPS index difference between T2DM and HC groups. Spearman correlation analysis and partial correlation analysis were used to analyze the correlation between the DTI-ALPS index and diffusion properties & cognitive scores. Results: The results show that the ALPS index was lower in T2DM patients. MoCA score was significantly correlated with the ALPS index. Patients with T2DM had a significant increase in both mean diffusivity (MD) and radial diffusivity (RD) and decrease in fractional anisotropy (FA) compared to the HC group. Conclusion: The results suggest that the ALPS index is decreased in T2DM patients and associates with cognitive level.

Cross-ancestry genome-wide association studies of brain imaging phenotypes.

Genome-wide association studies of brain imaging phenotypes are mainly performed in European populations, but other populations are severely under-represented. Here, we conducted Chinese-alone and cross-ancestry genome-wide association studies of 3,414 brain imaging phenotypes in 7,058 Chinese Han and 33,224 white British participants. We identified 38 new associations in Chinese-alone analyses and 486 additional new associations in cross-ancestry meta-analyses at P < 1.46 × 10-11 for discovery and P < 0.05 for replication. We pooled significant autosomal associations identified by single- or cross-ancestry analyses into 6,443 independent associations, which showed uneven distribution in the genome and the phenotype subgroups. We further divided them into 44 associations with different effect sizes and 3,557 associations with similar effect sizes between ancestries. Loci of these associations were shared with 15 brain-related non-imaging traits including cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders. Our results provide a valuable catalog of genetic associations for brain imaging phenotypes in more diverse populations.

Fast imaging of lenticulostriate arteries by high-resolution black-blood T1-weighted imaging with variable flip angles and acceleration by compressed sensitivity encoding.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the feasibility of using compressed sensitivity encoding (CS-SENSE) to accelerate high-resolution black-blood T1-weighted imaging with variable flip angles (T1WI-VFA) for efficient visualization and characterization of lenticulostriate arteries (LSAs) on a 3.0 T MR scanner. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five healthy volunteers and 18 patients with the cerebrovascular disease were prospectively enrolled. Healthy volunteers underwent T1WI-VFA sequences with different acceleration factors (AFs), including conventional sensitivity encoding (SENSE) AF = 3 and CS-SENSE AF = 3, 4, 5, and 6 (SENSE3, CS3, CS4, CS5, CS6, respectively) at 3 Tesla MRI scanner. Objective evaluation (contrast ratio and number, length, and branches of LSAs) and subjective evaluation (overall image quality and LSA visualization scores) were used to assess image quality and LSA visualization. Comparisons were performed among the 5 sequences to select the best AF. All patients underwent both T1WI-VFA with the optimal AF and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) examination, and the number of LSAs observed by T1WI-VFA was compared with that by DSA. RESULTS: Pair-wise comparisons among CS3, CS4, and SENSE3 revealed no significant differences in both objective measurements and subjective evaluation (all P > 0.05). In patients, there was no significant difference in LSA counts on the same side between T1WI-VFA with CS4 and DSA (3, 3-4 and 3, 3-3, P = 0.243). CONCLUSIONS: CS3 provided better LSA visualization but a longer scan duration compared to CS4. And, CS4 strikes a good balance between LSA visualization and acquisition time, which is recommended for routine clinical use.

Atrophy patterns in hippocampus and amygdala subregions of depressed patients with Parkinson's disease.

We aimed to explore the subregional atrophy patterns of the amygdala and hippocampus in Parkinson's disease (PD) with depression and their correlation with the severity of the depressive symptom. MRI scans were obtained for 34 depressed PD patients (DPD), 22 nondepressed PD patients (NDPD), and 28 healthy controls (HC). Amygdala and hippocampal subregions were automatically segmented, and the intergroup volume difference was compared. The relationships between the volumes of the subregions and depression severity were investigated. Logistic analysis and Receiver operator characteristic curve were used to find independent predictors of DPD. Compared with the HC group, atrophy of the bilateral lateral nucleus, left accessory basal nucleus, right cortical nucleus, right central nucleus, and right medial nucleus subregions of the amygdala were visible in the DPD group, while the right lateral nucleus subregion of the amygdala was smaller in the DPD group than in the NDPD group. The DPD group showed significant atrophy in the left molecular layer, left GC-DG, left CA3, and left CA4 subregions compared with the HC group for hippocampal subregion volumes. Also, the right lateral nuclei volume and disease duration were independent predictors of DPD. To sum up, DPD patients showed atrophy in multiple amygdala subregions and left asymmetric hippocampal subregions. The decreased amygdala and hippocampal subregion volumes were correlated with the severity of depressive symptoms. The volume of right lateral nuclei and disease duration could be used as a biomarker to detect DPD.

White matter microstructure alterations in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its correlation with cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive performance.

Microstructural abnormalities of white matter fiber tracts are considered as one of the etiology of diabetes-induced neurological disorders. We explored the cerebral white matter microstructure alteration accurately, and to analyze its correlation between cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) burden and cognitive performance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The clinical-laboratory data, cognitive scores [including mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), California verbal learning test (CVLT), and symbol digit modalities test (SDMT)], CSVD burden scores of the T2DM group (n = 34) and healthy control (HC) group (n = 21) were collected prospectively. Automatic fiber quantification (AFQ) was applied to generate bundle profiles along primary white matter fiber tracts. Diffusion tensor images (DTI) metrics and 100 nodes of white matter fiber tracts between groups were compared. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between DTI metrics and cognitive scores and CSVD burden scores. For fiber-wise and node-wise, DTI metrics in some commissural and association fibers were increased in T2DM. Some white matter fiber tracts DTI metrics were independent predictors of cognitive scores and CSVD burden scores. White matter fiber tracts damage in patients with T2DM may be characterized in specific location, especially commissural and association fibers. Aberrational specific white matter fiber tracts are associated with visuospatial function and CSVD burden.

Resting-state cortico-limbic functional connectivity pattern in panic disorder: Relationships with emotion regulation strategy use and symptom severity.

Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy involving prefrontal cortex (PFC) control of the amygdala. Its aberrant functioning is closely associated with panic disorder (PD). However, the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between the PFC, implicated in cognitive reappraisal, and the amygdala in PD has not been studied. Thus, this study aims to investigate the rsFC patterns and their association with cognitive reappraisal and PD. This study involved 51 participants, including 26 untreated patients with PD and 25 healthy controls (HC). We evaluated the habit of cognitive reappraisal assessment and the severity of PD using neuropsychological and clinical measures. Resting-state fMRI was utilized to evaluate the rsFC pattern between the PFC, engaged in cognitive reappraisal, and the amygdala. Mediation analysis was performed to explore the role of this rsFC in the relationship between cognitive reappraisal and PD severity. PD patients showed reduced rsFC between the PFC and the amygdala compared to HC. This weakened rsFC was associated with the severity of PD symptoms. Moreover, cognitive reappraisal was negatively correlated with PD severity, and mediation analysis indicated that the rsFC of the PFC-amygdala played a mediating role in this association. Abnormal PFC-amygdala rsFC may play a pivotal role in PD development and/or manifestation and mediate the association between cognitive reappraisal and PD severity, potentially serving as a clinical indicator for monitoring and intervention.

Correlation between lenticulostriate arteries and white matter microstructure changes in patients with cerebral small vessel disease.

To explore the correlation between the number of lenticulostriate arteries (LSAs) and the white matter features in cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVD) by 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Seventy-one patients with diagnoses of CSVD were prospectively enrolled to undergo 3T MRI examination, including high-resolution vascular wall imaging (VWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The LSAs were observed and counted on VWI, and the patients were divided into three groups according to the LSA counts. The presence of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), lacunes, cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), and enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) was assessed in each patient, and a composite CSVD score was calculated. Periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensity (PVWMH, DWMH) volume ratios were obtained based on automatic segmentation. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were processed by using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) analysis. These parameters were compared among the three groups. Correlations between the LSA counts and white matter features were also analyzed. There were differences in WMHs (P = 0.001), CMBs (P < 0.001), EPVS (P = 0.017), composite CSVD scores (P < 0.001), PVWMH volume ratios (P = 0.001), DWMH volume ratios (P < 0.001), global FA (P = 0.001), and global MD (P = 0.002) among the three groups. There were correlations between the LSA counts and WMHs (r = -0.45, P < 0.001), CMBs (r = -0.44, P < 0.001), EPVS (r = -0.28, P = 0.020), the composite CSVD score (r = -0.52, P < 0.001), DWMH volume ratio (r = -0.47, P < 0.001), PWMH volume ratio (r = -0.34, P = 0.004), global FA (r = 0.36, P = 0.002), and global MD (r = -0.33, P = 0.005). Diabetes mellitus (OR 3.36, 95% CI 1.06-10.63; P = 0.039) and increased DWMH volume ratios (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00-1.08; P = 0.048) were independent risk factors for a decrease in LSA counts. TBSS analysis showed differences among the three groups in global FA and MD after adjusting for age and sex (P < 0.05). The LSA counts was associated with white matter microstructure changes in CSVD and has the potential to represent the extent of subcortical microvascular damage in CSVD patients.

Microstructure abnormalities of the diffusion quantities in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an AFQ and TBSS study.

Objective: To explore the specific alterations of white matter microstructure in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by automated fiber quantification (AFQ) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), and to analyze the correlation between white matter abnormality and impairment of executive function. Methods: In this prospective study, a total of twenty-seven patients diagnosed with ADHD (20 males, 7 females; mean age of 8.89 ± 1.67 years) and twenty-two healthy control (HC) individuals (11 males, 11 females, mean age of 9.82 ± 2.13 years) were included. All participants were scanned with diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and assessed for executive functions. AFQ and TBSS analysis methods were used to investigate the white matter fiber impairment of ADHD patients, respectively. Axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) of 17 fiber properties were calculated using the AFQ. The mean kurtosis (MK), axial kurtosis (AK), radial kurtosis (RK), mean diffusivity (MDDKI), axial diffusivity (ADDKI), radial diffusivity (RDDKI) and fractional anisotropy (FADKI) of DKI and AD, RD, MD, and FA of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) assessed the integrity of the white matter based on TBSS. Partial correlation analyses were conducted to evaluate the correlation between white matter abnormalities and clinical test scores in ADHD while taking age, gender, and education years into account. The analyses were all family-wise error rate (FWE) corrected. Results: ADHD patients performed worse on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) test (p < 0.05). Minor variances existed in gender and age between ADHD and HC, but these variances did not yield statistically significant distinctions. There were no significant differences in TBSS for DKI and DTI parameters (p > 0.05, TFCE-corrected). Compared to HC volunteers, the mean AD value of right cingulum bundle (CB_R) fiber tract showed a significantly higher level in ADHD patients following the correction of FWE. As a result of the point-wise comparison between groups, significant alterations (FWE correction, p < 0.05) were mainly located in AD (nodes 36-38, nodes 83-97) and MD (nodes 92-95) of CB_R. There was no significant correlation between white matter diffusion parameters and clinical test scores in ADHD while taking age, gender, and education years into account. Conclusion: The AFQ method can detect ADHD white matter abnormalities in a specific location with greater sensitivity, and the CB_R played a critical role. Our findings may be helpful in further studying the relationship between focal white matter abnormalities and ADHD.

Cross-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analyses of hippocampal and subfield volumes.

The hippocampus is critical for memory and cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders, and its subfields differ in architecture and function. Genome-wide association studies on hippocampal and subfield volumes are mainly conducted in European populations; however, other ancestral populations are under-represented. Here we conduct cross-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analyses in 65,791 individuals for hippocampal volume and 38,977 for subfield volumes, including 7,009 individuals of East Asian ancestry. We identify 339 variant-trait associations at P < 1.13 × 10-9 for 44 hippocampal traits, including 23 new associations. Common genetic variants have similar effects on hippocampal traits across ancestries, although ancestry-specific associations exist. Cross-ancestry analysis improves the fine-mapping precision and the prediction performance of polygenic scores in under-represented populations. These genetic variants are enriched for Wnt signaling and neuron differentiation and affect cognition, emotion and neuropsychiatric disorders. These findings may provide insight into the genetic architectures of hippocampal and subfield volumes.

The impact of pre-adulthood urbanicity on hippocampal subfield volumes and neurocognitive abilities in young adults.

BACKGROUND: Urbanicity refers to the conditions that are particular to urban areas and is a growing environmental challenge that may affect hippocampus and neurocognition. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the average pre-adulthood urbanicity on hippocampal subfield volumes and neurocognitive abilities as well as the sensitive age windows of the urbanicity effects. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: We included 5,390 CHIMGEN participants (3,538 females; age: 23.69 ± 2.26 years, range: 18-30 years). Pre-adulthood urbanicity of each participant was defined as the average value of annual night-time light (NL) or built-up% from age 0-18, which were extracted from remote-sensing satellite data based on annual residential coordinates of the participants. The hippocampal subfield volumes were calculated based on structural MRI and eight neurocognitive measures were assessed. The linear regression was applied to investigate the associations of pre-adulthood NL with hippocampal subfield volumes and neurocognitive abilities, mediation models were used to find the underlying pathways among urbanicity, hippocampus and neurocognition, and distributed lag models were used to identify sensitive age windows of urbanicity effect. RESULTS: Higher pre-adulthood NL was associated with greater volumes in the left (ß = 0.100, 95%CI: [0.075, 0.125]) and right (0.078, [0.052, 0.103]) fimbria and left subiculum body (0.045, [0.020, 0.070]) and better neurocognitive abilities in information processing speed (-0.212, [-0.240, -0.183]), working memory (0.085, [0.057, 0.114]), episodic memory (0.107, [0.080, 0.135]), and immediate (0.094, [0.065, 0.123]) and delayed (0.087, [0.058, 0.116]) visuospatial recall, and hippocampal subfield volumes and visuospatial memory showed bilateral mediations for the urbanicity effects. Urbanicity effects were greatest on the fimbria in preschool and adolescence, on visuospatial memory and information processing from childhood to adolescence and on working memory after 14 years. CONCLUSION: These findings improve our understanding of the impact of urbanicity on hippocampus and neurocognitive abilities and will benefit for designing more targeted intervention for neurocognitive improvement.

Development and evaluation clinical-radiomics analysis based on T1-weighted imaging for diagnosing neonatal acute bilirubin encephalopathy.

Purpose: To investigate the value of clinical-radiomics analysis based on T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) for predicting acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE) in neonates. Methods: In this retrospective study, sixty-one neonates with clinically confirmed ABE and 50 healthy control neonates were recruited between October 2014 and March 2019. Two radiologists' visual diagnoses for all subjects were independently based on T1WI. Eleven clinical and 216 radiomics features were obtained and analyzed. Seventy percent of samples were randomly selected as the training group and were used to establish a clinical-radiomics model to predict ABE; the remaining samples were used to validate the performance of the models. The discrimination performance was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Seventy-eight neonates were selected for training (median age, 9 days; interquartile range, 7-20 days; 49 males) and 33 neonates for validation (median age, 10 days; interquartile range, 6-13 days; 24 males). Two clinical features and ten radiomics features were finally selected to construct the clinical-radiomics model. In the training group, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.90 (sensitivity: 0.814; specificity: 0.914); in the validation group, the AUC was 0.93 (sensitivity: 0.944; specificity: 0.800). The AUCs of two radiologists' and the radiologists' final visual diagnosis results based on T1WI were 0.57, 0.63, and 0.66, respectively. The discriminative performance of the clinical-radiomics model in the training and validation groups was increased compared to the radiologists' visual diagnosis (P < 0.001). Conclusions: A combined clinical-radiomics model based on T1WI has the potential to predict ABE. The application of the nomogram could potentially provide a visualized and precise clinical support tool.

Regional high iron deposition on quantitative susceptibility mapping correlates with cognitive decline in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective: To quantitatively evaluate the iron deposition and volume changes in deep gray nuclei according to threshold-method of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) acquired by strategically acquired gradient echo (STAGE) sequence, and to analyze the correlation between the magnetic susceptibility values (MSV) and cognitive scores in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Methods: Twenty-nine patients with T2DM and 24 healthy controls (HC) matched by age and gender were recruited in this prospective study. QSM images were used to evaluate whole-structural volumes (Vwh), regional magnetic susceptibility values (MSVRII), and volumes (VRII) in high-iron regions in nine gray nuclei. All QSM data were compared between groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the discriminating ability between groups. The predictive model from single and combined QSM parameters was also established using logistic regression analysis. The correlation between MSVRII and cognitive scores was further analyzed. Multiple comparisons of all statistical values were corrected by false discovery rate (FDR). A statistically significant P-value was set at 0.05. Results: Compared with HC group, the MSVRII of all gray matter nuclei in T2DM were increased by 5.1-14.8%, with significant differences found in bilateral head of caudate nucleus (HCN), right putamen (PUT), right globus pallidus (GP), and left dentate nucleus (DN) (P < 0.05). The Vwh of most gray nucleus in T2DM group were decreased by 1.5-16.9% except bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN). Significant differences were found in bilateral HCN, bilateral red nucleus (RN), and bilateral substantia nigra (SN) (P < 0.05). VRII was increased in bilateral GP, bilateral PUT (P < 0.05). VRII/Vwh was also increased in bilateral GP, bilateral PUT, bilateral SN, left HCN and right STN (P < 0.05). Compared with the single QSM parameter, the combined parameter showed the largest area under curve (AUC) of 0.86, with a sensitivity of 87.5% and specificity of 75.9%. The MSVRII in the right GP was strongly associated with List A Long-delay free recall (List A LDFR) scores (r = -0.590, P = 0.009). Conclusion: In T2DM patients, excessive and heterogeneous iron deposition as well as volume loss occurs in deep gray nuclei. The MSV in high iron regions can better evaluate the distribution of iron, which is related to the decline of cognitive function.

Relations of hippocampal subfields atrophy patterns with memory and biochemical changes in end stage renal disease.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) results in hippocampal volume reduction, but the hippocampal subfields atrophy patterns cannot be identified. We explored the volumes and asymmetry of the hippocampal subfields and their relationships with memory function and biochemical changes. Hippocampal global and subfields volumes were derived from 33 ESRD patients and 46 healthy controls (HCs) from structural MRI. We compared the volume and asymmetric index of each subfield, with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to evaluate the differentiation between ESRD and HCs. The relations of hippocampal subfield volumes with memory performance and biochemical data were investigated in ESRD group. ESRD patients had smaller hippocampal subfield volumes, mainly in the left CA1 body, left fimbria, right molecular layer head, right molecular layer body and right HATA. The right molecular layer body exhibited the highest accuracy for differentiating ESRD from HCs, with a sensitivity of 80.43% and specificity of 72.73%. Worse learning process (r = 0.414, p = 0.032), immediate recall (r = 0.396, p = 0.041) and delayed recall (r = 0.482, p = 0.011) was associated with left fimbria atrophy. The left fimbria volume was positively correlated with Hb (r = 0.388, p = 0.05); the left CA1 body volume was negatively correlated with Urea (r = - 0.469, p = 0.016). ESRD patients showed global and hippocampal subfields atrophy. Left fimbria atrophy was related to memory function. Anemia and Urea level may be associated with the atrophy of left fimbria and CA1 body, respectively.

Iron deposition heterogeneity in extrapyramidal system assessed by quantitative susceptibility mapping in Parkinson's disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Purpose: Excessive brain iron depositions were found in both patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present study aimed to explore iron deposition and heterogeneity in the extrapyramidal system in PD patients with T2DM using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and further to reveal the effect of T2DM on the changes in brain iron in patients with PD. Materials and methods: A total of 38 PD patients with T2DM (PDDM), 30 PD patients without T2DM (PDND), and 20 asymptomatic control subjects (CSs) were recruited for this study. All subjects underwent multiple MRI sequences involving enhanced gradient echo T2 star weighted angiography (ESWAN). The magnetic sensitivity values (MSV) and volume of the whole nuclei (MSVW, VW) and high iron region (MSVRII, VRII) were measured on the bilateral caudate nucleus (CN), the putamen (PUT), the globus pallidus (GP), the substantia nigra (SN), the red nucleus (RN) and the dentate nucleus (DN). Clinical and laboratory data were recorded, especially for the Hoehn and Yahr (H-Y) stage, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA). All QSM data were compared between PDDM and PDND groups and correlated with clinical and laboratory data. Results: Compared to the PDND group, the VRII/VW of the left CN was significantly increased in the PDDM group. Significantly higher MSVW and MSVRII were also found in the PDDM group, including bilateral SN of MSVW, right PUT, and bilateral CN, GP, and SN of MSVRII. The H-Y stage of the PDDM group was significantly higher than that of the PDND group. The MSVRII of bilateral RN of the PDDM group was positively correlated with the HAMA scores. HDL, DBP, and SBP levels were associated with MSVRII of right CN in the PDDM group. Conclusion: T2DM could aggravate the disease severity and anxiety in patients with PD. The iron distribution of deep gray matter nuclei in PD patients with T2DM was significantly heterogeneous, which was related to blood pressure and blood lipids.

3D Amide Proton Transfer Weighted Brain Tumor Imaging With Compressed SENSE: Effects of Different Acceleration Factors.

Objectives: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the performance of compressed SENSE (CS) for 3D amide proton transfer weighted (APTw) brain tumor imaging with different acceleration factors (AFs), and the results were compared with those of conventional SENSE. Methods: Approximately 51 patients with brain tumor (22 males, 49.95 ± 10.52 years) with meningiomas (n = 16), metastases (n = 12), or gliomas (n = 23) were enrolled. All the patients received 3D APTw imaging scans on a 3.0 T scanner with acceleration by CS (AFs: CS2, CS3, CS4, and CS5) and SENSE (AF: S1.6). Two readers independently and subjectively evaluated the APTw images relative to image quality and measured confidence concerning image blur, distortion, motion, and ghosting artifacts, lesion recognition, and contour delineation with a 5-point Likert scale. Mean amide proton transfer (APT) values of brain tumors (APT tumor ), the contralateral normal-appearing white matter (APT CNAWM ), and the peritumoral edema area (if present, APT edema ) and the tumor volume (V APT ) were measured for objective evaluation and determination of the optimal AF. The Ki67 labeling index was also measured by using standard immunohistochemical staining procedures in samples from patients with gliomas, and the correlation between tumor APT values and the Ki67 index was analyzed. Results: The image quality of AF = CS5 was significantly lower than that of other groups. V APT showed significant differences among the six sequences in meningiomas (p = 0.048) and gliomas (p = 0.023). The pairwise comparison showed that the V APT values of meningiomas measured from images by CS5 were significantly lower, and gliomas were significantly larger than those by SENSE1.6 and other CS accelerations, (p < 0.05). APT tumor (p = 0.191) showed no significant difference among the three types of tumors. The APT tumor values of gliomas measured by APTw images with the SENSE factor of 1.6 and the CS factor of 2, 3, and 4 (except for CS5) were all positively correlated with Ki67. Conclusion: Compressed SENSE could be successfully extended to accelerated 3D APTw imaging of brain tumors without compromising image quality using the AF of 4.

Differentiation of fibroadenomas versus malignant breast tumors utilizing three-dimensional amide proton transfer weighted magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the value of amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for differential diagnosis of fibroadenomas and malignant breast tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study enrolled 56 patients with suspected breast tumors and performed APTw imaging. Based on the histopathology results, patients were divided into group 1 with malignant breast tumors (n = 41) and group 2 with fibroadenomas (n = 15). The measured image parameters (APTw value, ADC value, type of Time of Intensity Curve, maximum tumor diameter in image) and the maximal diameter of the tumors measured from surgical resection were compared between the two groups, and the diagnostic performance based on these parameters was quantified with ROC curve. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the association between APTw or ADC values and ER, PR, HER2, and Ki-67 expressions. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC = 0.87 and 0.91) indicated a good inter-observer agreement of the measured APTw values. APTw values of malignant lesions were significantly higher than those of fibroadenomas (3.21 ± 1.04% vs 1.50 ± 0.54%, p < 0.001). Area under the curve (AUC) obtained from APTw imaging, DWI, DCE, APTw imaging+DWI, APTw imaging+DWI, and APTw imaging+DWI + DCE was 0.959, 0.897, 0.976, 0.997, and 1 respectively. The APTw value showed a negative correlation with ER expression (r = -0.357). CONCLUSION: APTw imaging yielded similar diagnosis performance in discriminating fibroadenomas and malignant breast tumors when compared to the DCE and better than DWI imaging, and provided supplement information on tumor cell activity to DWI images. The APTw value showed correlations with some prognostic factors for breast cancer.

Global urbanicity is associated with brain and behaviour in young people.

Urbanicity is a growing environmental challenge for mental health. Here, we investigate correlations of urbanicity with brain structure and function, neuropsychology and mental illness symptoms in young people from China and Europe (total n = 3,867). We developed a remote-sensing satellite measure (UrbanSat) to quantify population density at any point on Earth. UrbanSat estimates of urbanicity were correlated with brain volume, cortical surface area and brain network connectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. UrbanSat was also associated with perspective-taking and depression symptoms, and this was mediated by neural variables. Urbanicity effects were greatest when urban exposure occurred in childhood for the cerebellum, and from childhood to adolescence for the prefrontal cortex. As UrbanSat can be generalized to different geographies, it may enable assessments of correlations of urbanicity with mental illness and resilience globally.

Case report: Primary intracranial mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma presenting as two primary tumors involving the cavernous sinus and extra-axial dura, respectively.

Primary intracranial mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a rare type of brain tumor, with only a few reported cases worldwide that mostly have only one lesion with conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Here, we present a special case of intracranial MALT lymphoma with two mass lesions radiographically consistent with meningiomas on MRI before the operation. A 66-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with intermittent right facial pain for 1 year, aggravated for the last month. Brain MRI showed two extracerebral solid masses with similar MR signal intensity. One mass was crescent-shaped beneath the skull, and the other was in the cavernous sinus area. Lesions showed isointensity on T1WI and T2WI and an intense homogeneous enhancement after contrast agent injection. Both lesions showed hyperintensity in amide proton transfer-weighted images. The two masses were all surgically resected. The postoperative pathology indicated extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT. To improve awareness of intracranial MALT lymphoma in the differential diagnosis of extra-axial lesions among clinicians, we present this report and briefly summarize previously reported cases to describe the clinical, pathological, radiological, and treatment features.