ABSTRACT
Botrytis cinerea is a broad-host-range necrotrophic phytopathogen responsible for serious diseases in leading crops worldwide. The novel sterol 14α-demethylase inhibitor (DMI) pyrisoxazole was recently registered for the control of tomato gray mold caused by B. cinerea in China. One hundred fifty-seven isolates of B. cinerea were collected from tomato greenhouses in 14 cities of Liaoning Province from 2016 to 2021 and examined for sensitivity to pyrisoxazole, with a mean EC50 value of 0.151 µg/ml. Three highly resistant isolates, XD-5, DG-4, and GQ-3, were screened, and the EC50 values were 0.734, 0.606, and 0.639 µg/ml with corresponding resistance factors of 12.88, 10.63, and 11.21, respectively. Compared with field-sensitive strains, the highly resistant isolate XD-5 exhibited fitness defects in traits, including mycelial growth, conidial production, and pathogenicity, but DG-4 and GQ-3 did not experience fitness costs. Positive cross-resistance was observed only between pyrisoxazole and the DMIs tebuconazole and prochloraz but not between pyrisoxazole and the non-DMIs iprodione, procymidone, pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, fluazinam, and fluopyram. Sequence alignment of the CYP51 gene indicated that three point mutations were observed in the highly resistant mutant, namely, V24I in XD-5, G461S in GQ-3, and R464K in DG-4. When exposed to pyrisoxazole, the induced expression levels of the ABC transporter AtrD and MFS transporter Mfs1 increased in the resistant isolates compared with those in the sensitive isolates, whereas the expression level of the CYP51 gene did not change significantly. Molecular docking suggested that the G461S and R464K mutations both led to a decrease in the binding energy between CYP51 and pyrisoxazole, whereas no change was found with the V24I mutation. Thus, two point mutations in the CYP51 protein combined with induced expression of the Mfs1 and AtrD genes appeared to mediate the pyrisoxazole resistance of the highly resistant mutants DG-4 and GQ-3, while the overexpression of the Mfs1 and AtrD genes was responsible for the highly resistant mutant XD-5.
ABSTRACT
In the current complex and ever-changing environment, the high-quality development of manufacturing enterprises has a long way to go. The theoretical framework based on technology, the organization and the environment (TOE) from a configuration perspective provides a new integrated theoretical perspective for studying the green transformation path of Chinese manufacturing enterprises. The research purpose of this article is to use fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and necessary condition analysis (NCA) to explore the configuration effects of various antecedents in the TOE theoretical framework of Chinese manufacturing enterprises, "technology (green technological innovation, digital transformation)-the organization (redundant resources, supply chain concentration, information transparency)-the environment (environmental governance pressure)", to achieve a green transformation. The research findings show that no single factor is a necessary condition for achieving a high level of green transformation. There are six ways to achieve high green transformation levels for manufacturing enterprises, namely, technology-information collaborative green transformation, technology-supply chain collaborative-driven green transformation, digital-organization collaborative-driven green transformation, innovation-organization collaborative-driven green transformation, organization-environment collaborative-driven green transformation, and full-level multifactor collaborative-driven green transformation. The research conclusion will further expand research on the green transformation of enterprises and provide useful and practical references for green transformation paths of enterprises.
ABSTRACT
Under the background of increasingly prominent environmental problems, the establishment and application of digital information management systems established by the digital economy have brought new opportunities and challenges to the green transformation of manufacturing enterprises. Considering the micro level of Chinese manufacturing enterprises, does the adoption of information management systems really promote the improvement of the green transformation level of manufacturing enterprises? This paper takes the adoption of digital information management systems by China's enterprises as a "quasi natural" experiment and uses the Difference-in-Difference and Propensity Score Matching model (PSM-DID) to explore its impact on the green transformation of manufacturing enterprises and its mechanism. The study found that the adoption of digital information management systems by enterprises significantly improved the green transformation level of manufacturing enterprises, especially the symbolic green transformation level, and had no significant positive effect on the substantive green transformation level. The mechanism analysis shows that manufacturing enterprises can achieve green transformation by adopting information management systems to improve the digital level, strengthen green innovation ability, and increase the redundant resources of enterprises. The heterogeneity analysis based on the internal governance and external environment of enterprises shows that the adoption of digital information management systems by manufacturing enterprises has significantly improved the green transformation level of non-state-owned enterprises, enterprises with high corporate governance, non-heavily polluting enterprises, and enterprises in the eastern region. The research conclusion enriches the research related to digitalization and green transformation of enterprises and has important inspiration for Chinese manufacturing enterprises to use digitalization capabilities to seek green sustainable development under the wave of digital economy development.
Subject(s)
Commerce , Manufacturing Industry , China , Economic Development , Information Management , Propensity ScoreABSTRACT
Botrytis cinerea is a common filamentous phytopathogen that causes serious pre- and postharvest losses worldwide. The phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil has been reported to have high activity against B. cinerea and has been applied to control gray mold in tomato. A total of 206 B. cinerea isolates were collected from tomato greenhouses in Liaoning Province, China, in 2016 and 2017, and sensitivity to fludioxonil was demonstrated by discriminatory concentrations. One highly fludioxonil-resistant isolate, 5 medium-fludioxonil-resistance isolates, and 23 low-fludioxonil-resistance isolates were detected in the field. The fludioxonil-resistant isolates were less fit than the sensitive isolates and presented reduced sporulation, pathogenicity, and mycelial growth and hypersensitivity to osmotic stress, even though sclerotium production had no connection with resistance. Positive cross-resistance was observed between fludioxonil and the dicarboximide fungicides procymidone and iprodione but not between fludioxonil and the fungicides boscalid, fluopyram, fluazinam, and pyrimethanil. Sequence alignment of the BcOS1 gene indicated that the observed sensitivity was identical to that of B05.10 and the low-resistance mutant had two types of mutations, F127S+I365N and A1259T. The medium-resistance mutants had only one type of mutation linked with the 3-aa mutant Q369P+N373S+A1259T, and the highly resistant mutant had a 3-aa mutation with I365S+N373S+A1259T. Molecular docking illustrated that all the resistant isolates showed less affinity than the sensitive isolates with fludioxonil.
