Grape Pomace-Advances in Its Bioactivity, Health Benefits, and Food Applications.

From a circular economy perspective, the appropriate management and valorization of winery wastes and by-products are crucial for sustainable development. Nowadays, grape pomace (GP) has attracted increasing interest within the food field due to its valuable content, comprising nutritional and bioactive compounds (e.g., polyphenols, organic and fatty acids, vitamins, etc.). Particularly, GP polyphenols have been recognized as exhibiting technological and health-promoting effects in different food and biological systems. Hence, GP valorization is a step toward offering new functional foods and contributing to solving waste management problems in the wine industry. On this basis, the use of GP as a food additive/ingredient in the development of novel products with technological and functional advantages has recently been proposed. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the bioactivity and health-promoting effects of polyphenolic-rich extracts from GP samples. Advances in GP incorporation into food formulations (enhancement of physicochemical, sensory, and nutritional quality) and information supporting the intellectual property related to GP potential applications in the food industry are also discussed.

The Specific Encapsulation of Procyanidins from Litchi Peel and Coffee Pulp Extracts via Spray-Drying Using Green Polymers.

Polyphenols called procyanidins can be extracted from agro-industrial waste like litchi peel and coffee pulp. However, their efficacy is limited due to instability, which hinders both the bioavailability and preservation of their activity. This study aims to establish the ideal encapsulation conditions required to preserve the procyanidin properties found in extracts taken from litchi peel and coffee pulp. To attain the maximum procyanidin encapsulation efficacy (EE), the Taguchi method was utilized to streamline the spray-drying conditions for different wall materials-maltodextrin (MD), whey protein (WP), citrus pectin (CP), and skim milk (SM). The optimized conditions consisted of feed flow (3, 4.5, and 6 mL/min), temperature (125, 150, and 175 °C), and airflow (30, 35, and 40 m3/h). The microcapsules were characterized using ABTS, DPPH, lipoperoxidation, and scanning electron microscopy. Objective evaluations revealed that MD was the most effective encapsulation material for the litchi extract, whereas WP was the optimal option for the coffee extract. Of all the factors considered in the spray-drying process, feed flow had the strongest impact. The spray-drying process for the litchi peel extracts achieved high procyanidin encapsulation efficiencies at a feed flow rate of 4.5 mL/min, a temperature of 150 °C, and an airflow rate of 35 m3/h. Meanwhile, the coffee extract spray drying achieved similar results at a feed flow rate of 4.5 mL/min, a temperature of 175 °C, and an airflow rate of 40 m3/h. Encapsulation efficiencies of 98.1% and 93.6% were observed for the litchi and coffee extracts, respectively, under the mentioned optimal conditions. The microencapsulation process was successful in preserving the antioxidant properties of procyanidins. The microcapsules' size ranged from 2.6 to 3.2 micrometers. The results imply that the phenolic compounds present in the extracts function as effective antioxidant agents.

The Insecticidal Activity of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extract: Optimization of the Microencapsulation Process by Complex Coacervation.

The objective of the present work was to optimize the microencapsulation conditions of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf extracts for the biocontrol of Tenebrio molitor. The complex coacervation method was used for the encapsulation of the extracts. The independent factors considered were the pH (3, 6, and 9), pectin (4, 6, and 8% w/v), and whey protein isolate (WPI) (0.50, 0.75, and 1.00% w/v). The Taguchi L9 (33) orthogonal array was used as the experimental matrix. The response variable was the mortality of T. molitor after 48 h. The nine treatments were applied by immersion of the insects for 10 s. The statistical analysis revealed that the most influential factor on the microencapsulation was the pH (73% of influence), followed by the pectin and WPI (15% and 7% influence, respectively). The software predicted that the optimal microencapsulation conditions were pH 3, pectin 6% w/v, and WPI 1% w/v. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio was predicted as 21.57. The experimental validation of the optimal conditions allowed us to obtain an S/N ratio of 18.54, equivalent to a T. molitor mortality of 85 ± 10.49%. The microcapsules had a diameter ranging from 1-5 µm. The microencapsulation by complex coacervation of neem leaf extract is an alternative for the preservation of insecticidal compounds extracted from neem leaves.

Production of a Fungal Punicalagin-Degrading Enzyme by Solid-State Fermentation: Studies of Purification and Characterization.

The present work describes the purification of an enzyme capable of degrading punicalagin. The enzyme was produced by Aspergillus niger GH1 by solid-state fermentation, and the enzyme production was induced by using ellagitannins as the sole carbon source. The purification steps included the concentration by lyophilization, desalting, anionic exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme kinetic constants were calculated by using punicalagin, methyl gallate, and sugar beet arabinans. The molecular mass of the protein was estimated by SDS-PAGE. The identified bands were excised and digested using trypsin, and the peptides were submitted to HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The docking analysis was conducted, and a 3D model was created. The purification fold increases 75 times compared with the cell-free extract. The obtained Km values were 0.053 mM, 0.53% and 6.66 mM for punicalagin, sugar beet arabinans and methyl gallate, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature for the reaction were 5 and 40 °C, respectively. The SDS-PAGE and native PAGE analysis revealed the presence of two bands identified as α-l-arabinofuranosidase. Both enzymes were capable of degrading punicalagin and releasing ellagic acid.

The Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Mexican Firecracker (Hamelia patens Jacq.): Evaluation of Bioactivities and Identification of Phytochemicals by HPLC-ESI-MS.

The objective of the present work was to optimize the extraction of phytochemicals from Hamelia patens Jacq. by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to evaluate the factors solid/liquid ratio (1:8, 1:12, and 1:16), extraction time (10, 20, and 30 min), and ethanol concentration (0, 35, and 70%). Total polyphenols were the response variable. Chromatographic fractionation using Amberlite XAD-16 was carried out and the total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins were quantified. The redox potential, the reduction of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and the lipid oxidation inhibition were determined. Anti-bacterial activity was evaluated. The phytochemicals were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Optimal extraction conditions were a solid/liquid ratio of 1:16, ethanol of 35%, and 10 min of ultrasound-assisted extraction. Maximum polyphenol content in the crude extract was 1689.976 ± 86.430 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g of dried plant material. The purified fraction showed a total polyphenols content of 3552.84 ± 7.25 mg of GAE, flavonoids 1316.17 ± 0.27 mg of catechin equivalents, and condensed tannins 1694.87 ± 22.21 mg of procyanidin B1 equivalents, all per 100 g of purified fraction. Its redox potential was 553.93 ± 1.22 mV, reducing 63.08 ± 0.42% of DPPH radical and inhibiting 77.78 ± 2.78% of lipid oxidation. The polyphenols demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Enterococcus faecalis. The HPLC-ESI-MS analysis revealed the presence of coumarins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoids.

The secondary metabolites from Beauveria bassiana PQ2 inhibit the growth and spore germination of Gibberella moniliformis LIA.

Fungal secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties are used for biological pest control. Their production is influenced by several factors as environment, host, and culture conditions. In the present work, the secondary metabolites from fermented extracts of Beauveria bassiana PQ2 were tested as antifungal agents against Gibberella moniliformis LIA. The L18 (21 × 37) orthogonal array from Taguchi methodology was used to assess 8 parameters (pH, agitation, sucrose, yeast extract, KH2PO4, MgSO4, NH4NO3, and CaCl2) in B. bassiana PQ2 submerged fermentation. The ability of the fermented extracts to slow down the growth rate of G. moniliformis LIA was evaluated. The results from 18 trials were analyzed by Statistica 7 software by evaluating the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) to find the lower-the-better condition. Optimal culture conditions were pH, 5; agitation, 250 rpm; sucrose, 37.5 g/L-1; yeast extract, 10 g/L-1; KH2PO4, 0.8 g/L-1; MgSO4, 1.2 g/L-1; NH4NO3, 0.1 g/L-1; and CaCl2, 0.4 g/L-1, being the agitation at the highest level the most significant factor. The optimal conditions were validated in a sparged bottle bioreactor resulting in a higher S/N value (12.48) compared to the estimate. The extract obtained has the capacity to inhibit the germination of G. moniliformis spores at 24 h. HPLC-ESI-MS2 allowed to identify the water-soluble red pigment as oosporein (m/z 304.9). The secondary metabolites from B. bassiana PQ2 are a suitable alternative to control the growth and sporulation of G. moniliformis.

Ser e estar em refúgio: o processo grupal em uma intervenção de cuidado de equipe / Being and staying at a shelter: the group process in a work team support intervention / Ser y estar en refugio: el proceso grupal en una intervención de cuidado de equipo

O trabalho é uma reflexão crítica sobre uma intervenção realizada no Centro Nocturno (Albergue) do Programa de Atención a Personas en Situación de Calle (PASC), do Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (MIDES, Uruguai) que visa à reinserção sociocultural/laboral dos usuários. Trabalhou-se com a equipe do albergue (coordenador, técnicos e educadores), a partir de uma demanda da Coordenação do Albergue ao Departamento de Fotolinguagem da Asociación de Psicopatología y Psiquiatría de la Infancia y la Adolescencia (APPIA). A metodologia combinou Fotolinguagem, Palavra e Psicodrama. O discurso dos participantes foi analisado salvaguardando a identidade dos participantes. Surgiram elementos que colocavam em risco a saúde ocupacional. Estes resultavam de uma tarefa altamente exigente, com insuficientes antecedentes e recursos disponíveis no sistema institucional. Trata-se de um trabalho pioneiro que exige a convivência com o erro em situações extremas. Foi observado um aumento da autoconfiança para desbravar um território desafiador. Foi valorizado o ato de fazer, de transcender e de criar saberes, assim como o conhecimento que surge da experiência para contribuir e trocar ideias com outras instituições e melhorar assim os programas de intervenção.

This work is a critical reflection on an intervention carried out at a night shelter of the Homeless Assistance Program (PASC), under the Ministry of Social Development (MIDES), aimed at the socio-cultural/labour reintegration of the users. The intervention was carried out with the work team (coordinator, technicians and educators) upon request of the Coordinator to the Photolanguage Department of the Uruguayan Association of Psychopathology and Psychiatry of Children and Adolescents (APPIA). The methodology articulated Photolanguage, words and Psychodrama. The discourse of the participants was analyzed without disclosing their identities. There were working conditions that jeopardized their occupational health; they involved a very demanding job combined with a lack of background and resources in the institutional system. It is a pioneering work that requires coping with error in extreme situations. Participants experienced an increase in their self-confidence which was necessary to open new pathways in a challenging territory. Participants placed value on hands-on experience, on going beyond what was already accomplished by creating new knowledge that can contribute to enhance the interaction with other professionals and institutions to improve future programs.

El trabajo es una reflexión crítica sobre una intervención en un Centro Nocturno (Refugio) del Programa de Atención a Personas en Situación de Calle (PASC) del Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (MIDES), cuyo objetivo es la reinserción socio-cultural/laboral de los usuarios. Se trabajó con el equipo del Centro (coordinador, técnicos y educadores) por demanda de la Coordinación del Centro al Departamento de Fotolenguaje de la Asociación de Psicopatología y Psiquiatría de la Infancia y la Adolescencia (APPIA). La metodología articuló Fotolenguaje, Palabra y Psicodrama. Se analizó el discurso de los participantes salvaguardando la identidad de los mismos. Surgieron elementos que ponen en riesgo la salud laboral, y que se generaron por tarea altamente exigente con escasos antecedentes y recursos disponibles en el sistema institucional. Es un trabajo pionero que exige la convivencia con el error en situaciones límites. Se observó un aumento de la auto-confianza para abrir caminos en un terreno desafiante. Se valora el hacer, trascender y crear saberes, así como el conocimiento que surge de la experiencia para intercambiar con otras instituciones para mejorar los programas de intervención.

Characterization of a Biofilm Bioreactor Designed for the Single-Step Production of Aerial Conidia and Oosporein by Beauveria bassiana PQ2.

Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus that is used for the biological control of different agricultural pest insects. B. bassiana is traditionally cultivated in submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation systems to obtain secondary metabolites with antifungal activity and infective spores. This work presents the design and characterization of a new laboratory-scale biofilm bioreactor for the simultaneous production of oosporein and aerial conidia by B. bassiana PQ2. The reactor was built with materials available in a conventional laboratory. KLa was determined at different air flows (1.5-2.5 L/min) by two different methods in the liquid phase and in the exhaust gases. The obtained values showed that an air flow of 2.5 L/min is sufficient to ensure adequate aeration to produce aerial conidia and secondary metabolites by B. bassiana. Under the conditions studied, a concentration of 183 mg oosporein per liter and 1.24 × 109 spores per gram of support was obtained at 168 h of culture. These results indicate that the biofilm bioreactor represents a viable alternative for the production of products for biological control from B. bassiana.

Fructosyltransferase production by Aspergillus oryzae BM-DIA using solid-state fermentation and the properties of its nucleotide and protein sequences.

Fructosyltransferase (FTase) catalyzes the transfer of a fructosyl group to a sucrose molecule or a fructooligosaccharide (FOS) when a FOS with a longer chain is formed. Production of FTase by two Aspergillus species and its mixture was exploited using solid-state fermentation (SSF) and employing agave sap as substrate. The maximum FTase activity (1.59 U/mL) by Aspergillus oryzae was obtained after 24 h, using a temperature of 30 °C, with an inoculum of 2 × 107 spores/mL. The nucleotide sequence coding for the fructosyltransferase showed 1494 bp and encodes for a protein of 498 amino acids. The hypothetical molecular tertiary structure of Aspergillus oryzae BM-DIA FTase showed the presence of structural domains, such as a five-bladed beta-propeller domain characteristic of GH (glycoside hydrolase) and C terminal, which forms a beta-sandwich module. This study contributes to the knowledge of stability, compatibility, and genetic expression of Aspergillus oryzae BM-DIA under SSF bioprocess conditions for industrial production of fructosyltransferase.

On-line monitoring of Aspergillus niger GH1 growth in a bioprocess for the production of ellagic acid and ellagitannase by solid-state fermentation.

The present work describes the monitoring of CO2 production by Aspergillus niger GH1 in a bioprocess for the production of ellagitannase (EAH) and ellagic acid by solid state fermentation. Pomegranate ellagitannins, mainly punicalagin, were used as carbon source and EAH inducer. A second condition, using ellagitannins and maltose as growth promoting carbon source, was tested. The ellagic acid production was quantified and the EAH activity was assayed. The accumulated metabolites were identified by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Higher CO2 production (7.79mg/grams of dry material) was reached in media supplemented with maltose. Short-time lag phase (7.79h) and exponential phase (10.42h) were obtained using only ellagitannins, despite its lower CO2 production (3.79mg/grams of dry material). Without the use of maltose lower ellagic acid (11.85mg/L/h) and EAH (21.80U/L/h) productivities were reached. The use of maltose enhances the productivity of EA (33.18mg/L/h) and EAH (33.70U/L/h). Besides of punicalin and ellagic acid, two unknown compounds with mass weight of 702 and 290g/mol (ions 701 and 289m/z in negative mode, respectively) were identified and characterized by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis.

Characterisation of Pomegranate-Husk Polyphenols and Semi-Preparative Fractionation of Punicalagin.

INTRODUCTION: Pomegranate-husk is the main by-product generated from the pomegranate industry. It is a potential source of compounds highly appreciated by different costumers. Punicalagin is the main compound present in pomegranate-husk. OBJECTIVE: To characterise the pomegranate-husk total polyphenols by HPLC-ESI-MS and to establish a method for the recovery of punicalagin using a medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The characterisation of total pomegranate-husk polyphenols was carried out using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Thus, 200 mg of pomegranate-husk polyphenols were fractionated by MPLC. The isolated punicalagin was characterised by HPLC-MS and was tested as standard reagent for the measurement of its scavenging capacity reducing DPPH and ABTS radicals. RESULTS: Twenty peaks were identified by analytical HPLC-MS analysis from the pomegranate-husk polyphenols. The main compounds were the punicalagin anomers, punicalin and ellagic acid. The MPLC method allowed three fractions to be obtained. In fraction three 39.40 ± 8.06 mg of punicalagin anomers (purity > 97.9%) were recovered. The scavenging capacity of punicalagin showed an IC50 of 109.53 and 151.50 µg/mL for DPPH and ABTS radicals, respectively. CONCLUSION: The MPLC system was an excellent tool for the separation of the main ellagitannins from pomegranate husk and for the isolation of punicalagin anomers. Fraction three was rich in high purity punicalagin anomers. The IC50 was obtained for DPPH and ABTS radicals. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Passos para uma convergência de duas teorias dialógicas do self / Steps to a convergence of two dialogical theories of the self theories / Vers une convergence de deux théories dialogiques du soi / Pasos para una convergencia de dos teorías dialógicas del self

Resumo: Neste artigo, nosso intuito é descrever os elementos que permitiriam aos pesquisadores reunir duas teorias diferentes, porém complementárias do self no campo da psicologia dialógica: a teoria do self semiótico - baseada no modelo triádico da geração de sentido de C. S. Peirce - e a teoria do self dialógico, baseada nos trabalhos de H. Hermans, os quais derivam das ideias do dialogismo de M. Bakhtin e de W. James. A vantagem dessa convergência teórica é argumentada através da apresentação dos componentes estruturais da semiótica triádica, incluída sua base fenomenológica e sua afinidade com os conceitos centrais da teoria do self dialógico. Discutimos um caso no qual o diálogo interno de uma pessoa com uma dúvida importante sobre sua vida é observado através de um método psicodramático, e assim a convergência teórica proposta é ilustrada através da manifestação de posições do eu opostas. Observou-se durante o decorrer do diálogo uma tentativa de síntese através da emergência de uma meta-posição.

Abstract: In this paper, we aim to describe the elements that would enable researchers to bring together two different but complementary theories of the self in the dialogical psychology field: the theory of the semiotic self, based on C. S. Peirce's triadic model of meaning generation, and the theory of the dialogical self, based on the work of H. Hermans, which derives from M. Bakhtin's and W. James's reflections on dialogism. The benefit of this theoretical convergence is argued through a discussion of the structural elements of triadic semiotic, including its phenomenological basis and its kinship with key concepts of the Dialogical Self Theory. We also present a case in which the internal dialogue of a person who has an important doubt regarding his life is observed through a psychodramatic method, and the posited theoretical convergence of dialogical theories is illustrated through the manifestation of opposite I-positions. Throughout the dialogue an attempt of synthesis through the emergence of a meta-position was observed.

Résumé: Dans cet article, notre but est de décrire certains éléments qui donnent la possibilité aux chercheurs de rapprocher deux théories différents, mais complémentaires du soi dans le champ de la psychologie dialogique: la théorie du soi sémiotique - basée sur le modèle triadique de la génération de sens de C. S. Peirce, et la théorie du soi dialogique - proposée dans les travaux de H. Hermans, qui pour sa part dérivent des idées du dialogisme de M. Bakhtin et de W. James. Le bénéfice de cette convergence théorique est justifié à travers la présentation des composantes structurales de la sémiotique triadique, en incluant sa base phénoménologique et son affinité avec les notions centrales de la théorie du soi dialogique. On discute un cas dans lequel le dialogue interne d'une personne qui a un doute important sur sa vie est observé sous la méthode psychodramatique, et ainsi la convergence théorique proposée est illustrée à travers la manifestation des positions de moi opposées et d'une tentative de synthèse à travers une méta-position.

Resumen: En este artículo, se describen algunos elementos que harían posible que los investigadores reúnan dos teorías diferentes, pero complementarias, del self en el campo de la psicología dialógica: la teoría del self semiótico -basada en el modelo triádico de la generación de sentido de Peirce y la teoría del self dialógico- basada en los trabajos de Hermans, los que derivan del dialogismo de Bakhtin y de James. El beneficio de esta convergencia teórica es justificado a través de la presentación de los componentes estructurales de la semiótica triádica, incluida su base fenomenológica, y su afinidad con los conceptos centrales de la teoría del self dialógico. Consideramos un caso en el cual el diálogo interno de una persona con una duda importante sobre su vida es observado a través de un método psicodramático, y así la convergencia teórica propuesta es ilustrada mediante la manifestación de posiciones opuestas del yo. Se observó una tentativa de síntesis a través del surgimiento de una meta-posición.

Passos para uma convergência de duas teorias dialógicas do self / Steps to a convergence of two dialogical theories of the self theories / Vers une convergence de deux théories dialogiques du soi / Pasos para una convergencia de dos teorías dialógicas del self

Neste artigo, nosso intuito é descrever os elementos que permitiriam aos pesquisadores reunir duas teorias diferentes, porém complementárias do self no campo da psicologia dialógica: a teoria do self semiótico - baseada no modelo triádico da geração de sentido de C. S. Peirce - e a teoria do self dialógico, baseada nos trabalhos de H. Hermans, os quais derivam das ideias do dialogismo de M. Bakhtin e de W. James. A vantagem dessa convergência teórica é argumentada através da apresentação dos componentes estruturais da semiótica triádica, incluída sua base fenomenológica e sua afinidade com os conceitos centrais da teoria do self dialógico. Discutimos um caso no qual o diálogo interno de uma pessoa com uma dúvida importante sobre sua vida é observado através de um método psicodramático, e assim a convergência teórica proposta é ilustrada através da manifestação de posições do eu opostas. Observou-se durante o decorrer do diálogo uma tentativa de síntese através da emergência de uma meta-posição.(AU)

In this paper, we aim to describe the elements that would enable researchers to bring together two different but complementary theories of the self in the dialogical psychology field: the theory of the semiotic self, based on C. S. Peirce's triadic model of meaning generation, and the theory of the dialogical self, based on the work of H. Hermans, which derives from M. Bakhtin's and W. James's reflections on dialogism. The benefit of this theoretical convergence is argued through a discussion of the structural elements of triadic semiotic, including its phenomenological basis and its kinship with key concepts of the Dialogical Self Theory. We also present a case in which the internal dialogue of a person who has an important doubt regarding his life is observed through a psychodramatic method, and the posited theoretical convergence of dialogical theories is illustrated through the manifestation of opposite I-positions. Throughout the dialogue an attempt of synthesis through the emergence of a meta-position was observed.(AU)

Dans cet article, notre but est de décrire certains éléments qui donnent la possibilité aux chercheurs de rapprocher deux théories différents, mais complémentaires du soi dans le champ de la psychologie dialogique: la théorie du soi sémiotique - basée sur le modèle triadique de la génération de sens de C. S. Peirce, et la théorie du soi dialogique - proposée dans les travaux de H. Hermans, qui pour sa part dérivent des idées du dialogisme de M. Bakhtin et de W. James. Le bénéfice de cette convergence théorique est justifié à travers la présentation des composantes structurales de la sémiotique triadique, en incluant sa base phénoménologique et son affinité avec les notions centrales de la théorie du soi dialogique. On discute un cas dans lequel le dialogue interne d'une personne qui a un doute important sur sa vie est observé sous la méthode psychodramatique, et ainsi la convergence théorique proposée est illustrée à travers la manifestation des positions de moi opposées et d'une tentative de synthèse à travers une méta-position.(AU)

En este artículo, se describen algunos elementos que harían posible que los investigadores reúnan dos teorías diferentes, pero complementarias, del self en el campo de la psicología dialógica: la teoría del self semiótico -basada en el modelo triádico de la generación de sentido de Peirce y la teoría del self dialógico- basada en los trabajos de Hermans, los que derivan del dialogismo de Bakhtin y de James. El beneficio de esta convergencia teórica es justificado a través de la presentación de los componentes estructurales de la semiótica triádica, incluida su base fenomenológica, y su afinidad con los conceptos centrales de la teoría del self dialógico. Consideramos un caso en el cual el diálogo interno de una persona con una duda importante sobre su vida es observado a través de un método psicodramático, y así la convergencia teórica propuesta es ilustrada mediante la manifestación de posiciones opuestas del yo. Se observó una tentativa de síntesis a través del surgimiento de una meta-posición.(AU)