ABSTRACT
The IAPs are key regulators of the apoptotic pathways and are commonly overexpressed in many cancer cells. IAPs contain one to three BIR domains that are crucial for their inhibitory function. The pro-survival properties of XIAP come from binding of the BIR domains to the pro-apoptotic caspases. The BIR3 domain of XIAP binds and inhibits caspase 9, while the BIR2 domain binds and inhibits the terminal caspases 3 and 7. While XIAP BIR3 inhibitors have previously been reported, they also inhibit cIAP1/2 and promote the release of TNFα, potentially limiting their therapeutic utility. This paper will focus on the optimization of selective XIAP BIR2 inhibitors leading to the discovery of highly potent benzodiazepinone 36 (IC50 = 45 nM), which has high levels of selectivity over XIAP BIR3 and cIAP1 BIR2/3 and shows efficacy in a xenograft pharmacodynamic model monitoring caspase activity while not promoting the release of TNFα in vitro.
Subject(s)
Heterocyclic Compounds/chemical synthesis , Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology , Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein/antagonists & inhibitors , Alanine/analogs & derivatives , Alanine/chemical synthesis , Alanine/pharmacokinetics , Alanine/pharmacology , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Benzodiazepinones/chemical synthesis , Benzodiazepinones/pharmacokinetics , Benzodiazepinones/pharmacology , Blotting, Western , Caspase 3/metabolism , Caspase 7/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Crystallography, X-Ray , Female , Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/chemistry , Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Nude , Models, Chemical , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases , X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein/chemistry , X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein/metabolism , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
XIAP is a key regulator of apoptosis, and its overexpression in cancer cells may contribute to their survival. The antiapoptotic function of XIAP derives from its BIR domains, which bind to and inhibit pro-apoptotic caspases. Most known IAP inhibitors are selective for the BIR3 domain and bind to cIAP1 and cIAP2 as well as XIAP. Pathways activated upon cIAP binding contribute to the function of these compounds. Inhibitors selective for XIAP should exert pro-apoptotic effects through competition with the terminal caspases. This paper details our synthetic explorations of a novel XIAP BIR2-selective benzazepinone screening hit with a focus on increasing BIR2 potency and overcoming high in vivo clearance. These efforts led to the discovery of benzoxazepinone 40, a potent BIR2-selective inhibitor with good in vivo pharmacokinetic properties which potentiates apoptotic signaling in a manner mechanistically distinct from that of known pan-IAP inhibitors.
Subject(s)
Heterocyclic Compounds/chemical synthesis , Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology , Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein/antagonists & inhibitors , Alanine/analogs & derivatives , Alanine/chemical synthesis , Alanine/pharmacokinetics , Alanine/pharmacology , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Blotting, Western , Caspase 3/metabolism , Caspase 7/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Crystallography, X-Ray , Female , Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/chemistry , Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Nude , Models, Chemical , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Oxazepines/chemical synthesis , Oxazepines/pharmacokinetics , Oxazepines/pharmacology , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Rats , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases , X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein/chemistry , X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein/metabolism , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
A series of amino-pyrimidines was developed based upon an initial kinase cross-screening hit from a CDK2 program. Kinase profiling and structure-based drug design guided the optimization from the initial 1,2,3-benzotriazole hit to a potent and selective JNK inhibitor, compound 24f (JNK1 and 2 IC(50)=16 and 66 nM, respectively), with bioavailability in rats and suitable for further in vivo pharmacological evaluation.
Subject(s)
JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Triazoles/chemistry , Triazoles/pharmacology , Animals , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Design , Humans , JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Models, Molecular , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Rats , Structure-Activity Relationship , Triazoles/chemical synthesisABSTRACT
A novel series of quinolinyl-methylene-thiazolinones has been identified as potent and selective cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) inhibitors. Their synthesis and structure activity relationships (SAR) are described. Representative compounds from this class reversibly inhibit CDK1 activity in vitro, and block cell cycle progression in human tumor cell lines, suggesting a potential use as antitumor agents.
