Milk fat content and DGAT1 genotype determine lipid composition of the milk fat globule membrane.

During secretion of milk fat globules, triacylglycerol (TAG) droplets are enveloped by a phospholipid (PL) trilayer. Globule size has been found to be related to polar lipid composition and fat content, and milk fat content and fatty acid composition have been associated with the diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) K232A polymorphism; however, the association between the DGAT1 polymorphism and fat globule size and polar lipid composition has not been studied. The ratio between polar and neutral lipids as well as the composition of the polar lipids in milk has industrial as well as nutritional and health implications. Understanding phenotypic and genotypic factors influencing these parameters could contribute to improving milk lipid composition for dairy products. The focus of the present study was to determine the effect of both fat content and DGAT1 polymorphism on PL/TAG ratio, as a marker for milk fat globule size, and detailed PL composition. Milk samples were selected from 200 cows such that there were equal numbers of samples for the different fat contents as well as per DGAT1 genotype. Samples were analyzed for neutral and polar lipid concentration and composition. PL/TAG ratio was significantly associated with both fat content and DGAT1 genotype. Phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine concentrations were associated with fat content*DGAT1 genotype with a stronger association for the AA than the KK genotype. Sphingomyelin concentration tended to interact with fat content*DGAT1 genotype. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) concentration showed a biphasic response to fat content, suggesting that multiple biological processes influence its concentration. These results provide a new direction for controlling polar lipid concentration and composition in milk through selective breeding of cows.

Elongation and desaturation pathways in mammary gland epithelial cells are associated with modulation of fat and membrane composition.

The aim was to determine the relative role of each of the lactogenic hormones (insulin, prolactin and hydrocortisol) and their combinations in regulating elongation and desaturation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and subsequently on composition of cellular lipid compartments in mammary epithelia. Cultured cells of the mammary gland epithelial cell line HC11 were subjected to 48 h of hormonal treatment with different combinations of insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin. Only the combination of all three hormones induced differentiation according to the marker ß-casein gene expression. Inclusion of insulin in the treatment medium increased total fatty acid amount by 50% and increased the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids by 12% while decreasing that of saturated fatty acids by 35%. Changes in the levels of fatty acids by chain length and saturation paralleled mRNA expression of the desaturases and elongases, whose expression levels were regulated again by inclusion of all three hormones in the treatment medium. Gene expression levels of the Δ6 desaturase and elongase 5 genes (Elovl 5) increased by approximately 1.5-fold, whereas expression of Elovl 4 decreased in the presence of all three hormones. Insulin was the main hormone inducing compositional differences in membrane lipids, increasing phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol and decreasing sphingomyelin and cholesterol. The results indicate that mammary gland epithelial cells express five out of the seven known elongase subtypes which are regulated primarily by the processes of differentiation and produce major compositional changes in mammary gland epithelial cells.

Size-dependent lipid content of bovine milk fat globule and membrane phospholipids.

The mammary epithelial cell produces unique structures and a range of diversely sized lipid particles from tens of micrometers to less than 1 µm. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of the differently sized milk fat globules (MFGs) and their complex membranes are not well described. Six size fractions of MFGs were obtained by gravity-based separation and analyzed, and their partial lipidome was determined. The smallest MFGs had a higher concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs). The FAs indicative of elongase activity were highest in the smallest MFGs, whereas those FAs indicative of desaturase activity did not differ between size groups. The phosphatidylinositol concentration was highest whereas the phosphatidylserine concentration was lowest in MFGs with an average diameter of 2 µm. Phosphatidylethanolamine and cholesterol concentrations were highest whereas that of sphingomyelin was lowest in MFGs with an average diameter of 3 µm. Phosphatidylcholine concentrations did not vary between the size groups. Results suggest that the assembly of milk fat globules that differ in size is not a homogeneous nor random process and that the differences in composition may reflect discrete biosynthetic routes.