Preparation for implantation of mechanical circulatory support: psychological adjustment and treatment of mental disorders in the pre- and postoperative period. / Przygotowanie do implantacji mechanicznego wspomagania krazenia oraz oddzialywanie psychologiczne i leczenie zaburzen psychicznych w okresie przed- i pooperacyjnym.

Treatment of patients with advanced heart failure (HF) with the use of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) improves the quality of life and the length of survival. Despite the undeniable benefits associated with improved physical performance, as a result of the decrease of the underlying disease symptoms, it carries the risk of complications in the area of the patient's somatic and psychological status. Long-term circulatory failure can contribute to a weakening of the adaptative mechanism and consequently lead to a variety of emotional disruptions. Patients must face the fear of imminent physical, family, and social changes that LVAD requires. They may experience sleep disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and in the early postoperative period also disorders of consciousness with a pattern of delirium. For this reason, it is advisable to provide multidisciplinary medical care for the patient at all stages of treatment, including regular monitoring of general health and mental health. This article presents risk factors for psychiatric disorders in patients with LVADs and ways of pharmacological and non-pharmacological management when these factors are identified and disorders are diagnosed.

The Influence of Hybrid Comprehensive Telerehabilitation on Anxiety in Heart Failure Patients: The TELEREH-HF Randomized Clinical Trial.

Telerehabilitation for heart failure (HF) patients is beneficial for physical functioning, prognosis, and psychological status. The study aimed at evaluating the influence of hybrid comprehensive telerehabilitation (HCTR) on the level of anxiety in comparison to usual care (UC). The TELEREH-HF study was a multicenter prospective RCT in 850 clinically stable HF participants. Patients underwent clinical examinations, including the assessment of anxiety, at entry and after the 9-week training program (HCTR) or observation (UC). The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used. 20.3% HCTR and 20.1% UC patients reported high level of anxiety as a state at baseline, with higher STAI results in younger participants (< 63 y.o.) (p = .048 for HCTR; p = .026 for UC). At both stages of the study, patients with lower level of physical capacity (measured by a peak VO2) had shown significantly higher level of anxiety. There were no significant changes in anxiety levels during the 9-week observation for the entire study population, although there were different patterns of change in anxiety (both trait and state) in younger and older groups,with the decrease in younger patients, and the increase-in the older group.Trial registry number NCT02523560 (Clinical Trials.gov), date of registration: August 14, 2015.

IMPACT OF EARLY EXERCISE-BASED CARDIAC REHABILITATION ON HOSTILITY, ITS BEHAVIORAL COMPONENTS AND DISEASE PERCEPTION IN PATIENTS AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: Hostility and its behavioral components, anger and aggression are psychosocial risk factors for coronary heart disease. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of physical training on the level of negative emotions, the cognitive aspect of adaptation to disease and physical capacity in patients after MI who participated in cardiac rehabilitation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: We enrolled 60 post-MI men and women in the study. They underwent an 8-week training program. Before and after completion of trainings patients underwent exercise test and a psychological examination.The Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire and the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire were performed with results analysis in the entire group and in subgroups of men, women, patients under 60 years of age (younger) and over 60 years of age (older). RESULTS: Results: After rehabilitation a significant reduction in the general level of negative emotions was found in younger: 67.8±4.6 vs 63.9±3.7 points (p< 0.01). Similarly, a significant reduction in the sense of the impact of the disease on life was found only in younger 6.96±0.5 vs 5.48±0.5 points (p<0.01). There was a significant improvement in overall adaptation to the disease in women from 40.6±2.2 to 35.7±1.9 points (p < 0.05).Moreover,patients with higher levels of negative emotions had more difficulty adapting to the disease r=0.361, p<0.01. Physical capacity increased significantly in all groups. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Participating in cardiac rehabilitation improved physical capacity, beneficially contributed to a decrease in negative emotions and had a positive effect on disease adaptation but only in younger post -MI patients.

Comparison of the prognostic value of frailty assessment tools in patients aged ≥ 65 years hospitalized in a cardiac care unit with acute coronary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is associated with adverse events in elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Our aim was to compare the prognostic value of four frailty scales in patients aged ≥ 65 years hospitalized with ACS in a cardiac care unit (CCU). METHODS: Patients aged ≥ 65 years with ACS were included. Frailty was assessed using the Fried frailty scale (reference standard), the Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS), the FRAIL scale, and the Clinical frailty scale (CFS). The primary end point was all-cause mortality and the secondary end point was unscheduled rehospitalization. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy four patients aged ≥ 65 years with ACS were recruited. The median follow-up was 637.5 days. Frailty was identified in 41.4%, 40.2%, 39.1% and 36.3% patients by the Fried frailty scale, EFS, FRAIL scale and CFS, respectively. The agreement coefficients were 0.88, 0.86, and 0.79 for the FRAIL scale, EFS and CFS, respectively. In the Cox regression model, frailty was associated with all-cause mortality regardless of the scale used (univariate: hazard ratio [HR] 95% CI = 10.5, 2.4-46.8 Fried frailty scale; 12.0, 2.7-53.4 FRAIL scale; 7.1, 2.0-25.2 EFS; 8.3, 2.4-29.6 CFS. Multivariate: HR = 5.1, 1.1-23.8 Fried frailty scale; 5.7, 1.2-26.8 FRAIL scale; 3.7, 1.0-14.0 EFS; 4.2, 1.1-15.9 CFS). The FRAIL scale had the highest HR. In the univariate analysis, frailty was associated with unscheduled rehospitalization (HR = 3.2, 1.7-6.0 Fried frailty scale; 3.4, 1.8-6.3 FRAIL scale; 3.5, 1.8-6.6 EFS; 3.1, 1.7-5.8 CFS). In the multivariate analysis, only the EFS independently predicted unscheduled rehospitalization (HR = 2.2, 1.1-4.63). CONCLUSIONS: Frailty assessed by the Fried frailty scale, FRAIL scale, EFS and CFS is associated with all-cause mortality and unscheduled rehospitalization in elderly patients hospitalized in a CCU with ACS. The adjusted HR of the FRAIL scale for all-cause mortality was the highest among the scales compared, whereas the EFS was an independent predictor of unscheduled rehospitalization. These data should be taken into consideration when choosing a frailty assessment tool.

Relationship between physical capacity and depression in heart failure patients undergoing hybrid comprehensive telerehabilitation vs. usual care: subanalysis from the TELEREH-HF Randomized Clinical Trial.

AIMS: The hybrid comprehensive telerehabilitation (HCTR) consisting of telecare (with psychological telesupport), telerehabilitation, and remote monitoring of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices might be an option to improve both physical capacity and depressive symptoms. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of HCTR on depressive symptoms and physical capacity in heart failure (HF) patients in comparison with usual care (UC). METHODS AND RESULTS: The present analysis formed part of a multicentre, randomized trial that enrolled 850 HF patients (New York Heart Association I-III, left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40%). Patients were randomized 1:1 to HCTR or UC. Patients underwent an HCTR programme (1 week in hospital and 8 weeks at home; exercise training 5 times weekly) or UC with observation. The Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) score (cut point for depression ≥ 14) was used to assess depression and the physical capacity was measured by peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2; mL/kg/min). Measurements were made before and after 9-week intervention/observation (HCTR/UC group). Both groups were comparable in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. In HCTR group, at entry, 23% of the sample obtained BDI-II scores ≥14 vs. 27.5% in UC group. There were no significant differences between groups regarding ΔBDI-II score (P = 0.992) after 9-week HCTR/UC. There was a significant improvement in physical capacity only in the HCTR group in both patients with (P = 0.033) and without (P < 0.001) depression. CONCLUSIONS: In HF patients, HCTR provided similar reduction of depressive symptoms as UC. HCTR resulted in a significant improvement in physical capacity in patients with and without depression.

Quality of life in heart failure patients undergoing hybrid comprehensive telerehabilitation versus usual care - results of the Telerehabilitation in Heart Failure Patients (TELEREH-HF) Randomized Clinical Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Hybrid comprehensive telerehabilitation (HCTR) consisting of telecare (with psychological telesupport), telerehabilitation and remote monitoring of implantable devices might be an innovative option improving heart failure (HF) patients' quality of life (QoL) and emotional health. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of HCTR on various facets of QoL in HF patients in comparison with usual care (UC) alone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present analysis formed part of a multicenter, randomized trial that enrolled 850 HF patients (NYHA I-III, LVEF ≤ 40%). Patients were randomized 1 : 1 to HCTR plus UC or UC only. Patients underwent either an HCTR program or UC with observation. The psychological intervention in the HCTR group included supportive psychological counseling via mobile phone. The Medical Outcome Survey Short Form 36 Questionnaire was used to assess QoL. Measurements were made before and after a 9-week intervention (HCTR group)/observation (UC group). RESULTS: After the intervention, the HCTR group showed significant improvement in overall QoL, physical domain (PD) of QoL, and 4 areas of QoL (physical functioning (PhF), role functioning related to physical state (RF), general health (GH), vitality (VI)). A significant positive change in QoL in the UC group was observed only in VI and social functioning. There were also significant differences in QoL after 9-week intervention/observation between the two groups. The results showed greater improvement in HCTR for overall QoL (p = 0.009), PD of QoL (p = 0.0003) and three specific areas of QoL: PhF (p = 0.001), RF (p = 0.003), bodily pain (BP) (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: In comparison to UC, HCTR resulted in improvement in overall QoL, PD of QoL and 3 specific areas of QoL: PhF, RF and BP.

Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation as the keystone in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a mainstay of the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. In the European Society of Cardiology guidelines, comprehensive cardiovascular rehabilitation has the highest class of recommendation and level of evidence as an effective method for the treatment of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, after myocardial revascularization, with chronic coronary syndrome, for CVD prevention in clinical practice, and in patients with heart failure (HF). This document presents an expert opinion of the Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology Section of the Polish Cardiac Society concerning the definition, goals, target population, organization of rehabilitation services, standard clinical indications and methods of implementation. Moreover, it describes psychosocial risk factors influencing the course of CR and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients undergoing CR. Comprehensive CR is as a process that should be implemented as soon as possible, continued without interruption, and consist of multiple stages. Moreover, it should be tailored to the individual clinical situation and should be accepted by the patient and their family, friends, and caregivers.

Involvement in Health Behavior After Heart Transplantation: The Role of Personal Resources and Health Status. Single-Center Observational Study.

Introduction: Heart transplantation affects all spheres of the patients' functioning - their physical well-being and coping with everyday situations, as well as their identity and social functioning. Its long-term effects depend on the effective cooperation with the transplant team. Post-transplant patients are expected to be committed to adherence to recommendations. Patients' subjective characteristics could increase the risk of difficulties during treatment or might have a protective effect. The major aim of the study was to evaluate the level of engagement in health behavior in heart transplant recipients in relation to their personal resources, such as personality traits, and their health status. Material and Method: The observational ex post facto model was proposed. Participants completed a set of psychological questionnaires. In the study, there were used questionnaires regarding health behavior (HBI), personality traits (NEO-FFI), health locus of control (MHLC), self-efficacy (GSES) and health status (GHQ-28). The group included in the analyses consisted of 107 heart transplant patients. They ranged in age from 19 to 75 years; 10.3% of them were women. Results: According to norms, 71% patients reported high level of engagement in health behavior. There were significant differences in the level of dietary habits and other types of health behaviors. The best predictors of overall health behavior were conscientiousness (ß = 0.20, p < 0.05) and health locus of control (Powerful Others) (ß = 0.25, p < 0.05). The prophylaxis behavior was related significantly to the level of conscientiousness (p < 0.05) and health locus of control (Internal and Powerful Others) (p < 0.05; p < 0.01). The level of positive mental attitude was related significantly to agreeableness (p < 0.05), health locus of control (Powerful Others) (p < 0.01), and self-efficacy (p < 0.01). Everyday healthy practices were related significantly to openness to experience (p < 0.01) and health locus of control (all categories: Internal, Powerful Others and Chance) (p < 0.05; p < 0.01; p < 0.05, respectively). Conclusion: Majority of heart transplant patients is engaged in high level of health behavior. Among the various forms of health-relevant habits, heart transplant patients adhere significantly less frequently to a healthy diet. Among examined resources, the best predictors of caring about health are generalized self-efficacy and age at the time of HTx.

Effects of a 9-Week Hybrid Comprehensive Telerehabilitation Program on Long-term Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure: The Telerehabilitation in Heart Failure Patients (TELEREH-HF) Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Guidelines recommend exercise training as a component of heart failure management. There are large disparities in access to rehabilitation, and introducing hybrid comprehensive telerehabilitation (HCTR) consisting of remote monitoring of training at patients' homes might be an appealing alternative. Objective: To assess whether potential improvements in quality-of-life outcomes after a 9-week HCTR intervention in patients with heart failure translate into improvement in clinical outcomes during extended 12 to 24 months of follow-up, compared with usual care. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Telerehabilitation in Heart Failure Patients (TELEREH-HF) trial is a multicenter, prospective, open-label, parallel-group randomized clinical trial that enrolled 850 patients with heart failure up to 6 months after a cardiovascular hospitalization with New York Heart Association levels I, II, or III and left ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or less. Patients from 5 centers in Poland were randomized 1:1 to HCTR plus usual care or usual care only and followed up for 14 to 26 months after randomization. Interventions: During the first 9 weeks, patients underwent either an HCTR program (1 week in hospital and 8 weeks at home) or usual care with observation. The HCTR intervention encompassed telecare, telerehabilitation, and remote monitoring of implantable devices. No intervention occurred in the remaining study period. Main Outcomes and Measures: The percentage of days alive and out of the hospital from randomization through the end of follow-up at 14 to 26 months. Results: A total of 850 patients were enrolled, with 425 randomized to the HCTR group (377 male patients [88.7%]; mean [SD] age, 62.6 [10.8] years) and 425 randomized to usual care (376 male patients [88.5%]; mean [SD] age, 62.2 [10.2] years). The HCTR intervention did not extend the percentage of days alive and out of the hospital. The mean (SD) days were 91.9 (19.3) days in the HCTR group vs 92.8 (18.3) days in the usual-care group, with the probability that HCTR extends days alive and out of the hospital equal to 0.49 (95% CI, 0.46-0.53; P = .74) vs usual care. During follow-up, 54 patients died in the HCTR arm and 52 in the usual-care arm, with mortality rates at 26 months of 12.5% vs 12.4%, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.03 [95% CI, 0.70-1.51]). There were also no differences in hospitalization rates (hazard ratio, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.79-1.13]). The HCTR intervention was effective at 9 weeks, significantly improving peak oxygen consumption (0.95 [95% CI, 0.65-1.26] mL/kg/min vs 0.00 [95% CI, -0.31 to 0.30] mL/kg/min; P < .001) and quality of life (Medical Outcome Survey Short Form-36 questionnaire score, 1.58 [95% CI, 0.74-2.42] vs 0.00 [95% CI, -0.84 to 0.84]; P = .008), and it was well tolerated, with no serious adverse events during exercise. Conclusions and Relevance: In this trial, the positive effects of a 9-week program of HCTR in patients with heart failure did not lead to the increase in percentage of days alive and out of the hospital and did not reduce mortality and hospitalization over a follow-up period of 14 to 26 months. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02523560.

Is there any role for computed tomography imaging in anticipating the functional status in adults late after total cavopulmonary connection? A retrospective evaluation.

BACKGROUND: The Fontan procedure is performed in patients with congenital heart diseases and abnormal anatomy of the heart, which preclude intracardiac repair involving a separation of the systemic and pulmonary circulations. The role of computed tomography (CT) in assessing patients' clinical status after the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) procedure is not well defined. AIMS: To determine a potential role and diagnostic capability of CT in the functional assessment of adults with the TCPC. METHODS: Data obtained from 18 patients (10 women; mean [SD] age, 27.9 [6.3] years) with the TCPC were analyzed retrospectively. All patients underwent biochemical evaluation, cardiopulmonary exercise test, transthoracic echocardiography, and CT. Upon CT examination, the dimensions of the left and right pulmonary arteries, superior and inferior venae cavae, all pulmonary veins, and extracardiac conduits were measured. The measurements acquired by CT were correlated with the results of transthoracic echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise test, and biochemical analysis. RESULTS: The mean (SD) time after the TCPC was 18.5 (6.5) years. The area and circumference of the inferior vena cava significantly correlated with age (r = 0.503, P <0.05). A significant positive correlation was found between the area and circumference of a conduit and the predicted maximal oxygen uptake (r = 0.664, P <0.01). The area (ß = 0.746, R2 = 0.556, P <0.01) and the circumference (ß = 0.757, R2 = 0.572, P <0.01) of a conduit were considered significant predictors in estimating the value of maximal oxygen uptake. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed an association between the dimensions of an extracardiac conduit and patient functional status, time elapsed since the procedure, and age of adults who underwent the TCPC in childhood. These findings support a more extensive use of CT in patients with TCPC, complemented by the measurements of the superior and inferior venae cavae and the conduit.

Patterns of changes in functional and neurocognitive status in elderly patients after transcatheter vs. surgical aortic valve replacements.

BACKGROUND: Replacement of severely stenotic aortic valve may influence cognitive and physical functioning. The aim of this study was to compare cognitive and functional status after surgical (SAVR) vs. transcatheter aortic valve replacements (TAVR) in the elderly with severe aortic stenosis (AS). METHODS: It was a prospective observational study with over 6 months of follow-up. Eighty ≥70-year-old patients with AS underwent TAVR (N.=40) or SAVR (N.=40). Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), activities daily living (ADL) score and instrumental activities daily living (IADL) score were used to assess the cognitive status, fundamental functioning and complex independent living skills, respectively. The tests were conducted at baseline and 6 months after the procedure. Additionally, MMSE was carried out at discharge. RESULTS: Baseline MMSE score was lower in the TAVR vs. SAVR group (P=0.001). In the SAVR group, there was a transient in-hospital decline in mean MMSE score (P=0.020), absent in the TAVR group. Baseline ADL and IADL scores were lower in TAVR patients. Both groups experienced mild improvement. The average increase among those with improved IADL score was larger after TAVR (2.37 vs. 1.37 after SAVR; P=0.029). A systolic blood pressure (SBP) decrease <60 mmHg as well as larger periprocedural shift in SBP (expressed by a difference between maximum and minimum SBP) during TAVR were associated with the decline in the ADL (P=0.001) and IADL scores (P=0.043). CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive patterns differed between the TAVR and SAVR patients. A transient MMSE decline did not alter the 6-month status. TAVR might improve functionality. Periprocedural SBP decrease and larger changes in SBP are risk factors for functionality deterioration after TAVR.

Evaluation of brain lesions in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting using MRI with the emphasis on susceptibility-weighted imaging.

INTRODUCTION: Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are at risk of strokes and neurocognitive disorders. THE AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to assess the clinical utility of susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) MRI in detection of new brain lesions in patients after CABG. We assessed the incidence and types of brain lesions and correlated the data with neurological examinations in groups of patients who underwent on-pump and off-pump CABG. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients underwent a neurological examination and MRI before, 6-20 days after and 6 months after the CABG. Fifty-one patients (43 men, mean age 63.12 years) were analyzed. RESULTS: Fifteen (29.4%) patients underwent on-pump CABG, 36 (70.6%) off-pump CABG. On postoperative scans new lesions were detected in 12 (23.5%) patients. Ischemic lesions (visible on diffusion-weighted imaging [DWI]) were detected in 4 patients, in 6 lesions were visible on SWI, in 1 case lesions were visible on SWI and DWI. Hemorrhagic stroke was observed in 1 patient. In the group of patients who underwent on-pump CABG, new brain lesions were observed in 60.0% of patients vs. 8.3% of those who underwent off-pump CABG (p < 0.0001); these changes more frequently were multiple (p < 0.0013) and located infratentorially (p < 0.0218). Lesions visible on SWI were observed only in patients undergoing on-pump CABG (p = 0.00005). In all patients (except for 1 with stroke), lesions visible in MRI were clinically silent. CONCLUSIONS: The use of SWI enables one to detect lesions occurring in the brain after CABG, invisible in other sequences. On-pump CABG is associated with a greater risk of clinically silent brain damage compared to off-pump CABG.

Psychological support for patients following myocardial infarction.

The paper presents the principal psychological problems in patients following myocardial infarction. Particular emphasis has been placed on anxiety and depression following myocardial infarction and behavioural patterns adversely affecting health. A proposal of actions during cardiac rehabilitation has been presented in accordance with the severity of psychological problems encountered in the patients.