Role of desmopressin in the treatment of a case of septic shock refractory to catecholamines.

The authors describe a case of septic shock refractory to high-dose catecholamines after adequate volemic filling, rapidly corrected with the administration of desmopressin at a dose of 0.02 U/min. There are, in the literature, several cases of septic shock refractory to high-dose catecholamines successfully treated with arginine-vasopressin, a selective V1 agonist. This agent can potentially induce coronary vasoconstriction and presents a very difficult weaning, that imposes a slow reduction of the infusion amount. On the contrary, desmopressin does not present those adverse effects and is able to maintain a high renal blood flow, for its prevalent action on V2 instead of V1 receptors.

[Diagnostic imaging and patient database managing systems: The integration of digital information in the experience of an intensive care center]. / Diagnostico per immagini e cartelle cliniche elettroniche: integrazione di informazioni digitali nell'esperienza di un centro di rianimazione poliovalente.

AIM: To present our experience with integrating digital information on Intensive Care Unit patients (clinical data, laboratory findings, imaging, etc) to create electronic patient records. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using the hospital Intranet, a connection was established between the Local area Network (LAN) of the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM(R)) network of the Radiology Department allowing to receive, process and archive digital images locally at the ICU. Using the software RADclient-RADimage, the information received was managed by an electronic patient record system (DIGISTAT by UMS-Unterberger Medical Software, Florence). All the above software runs on Microsoft WindowsNT 4.0 platforms. RESULTS: Images of various kinds and formats (CT, MRI, etc.) pertaining to the ICU patients were semi-automatically handled and filed on a local server acting as a central databank. The images were then included in the electronic patient record and made available to the end user who could view them using either web technologies (hypertexts were automatically generated that could be viewed through the widely available World Wide Web browsers) or specific viewing utilities supplied with DIGISTAT . DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: For the intensivist, the handling and filing of data on hospitalised or discharged patients for treatment or research purposes involves having to process large amounts of information. Furthermore, in the event of patients being re-admitted to the unit, it is crucial to have ready access to all the information regarding previous hospital stays, including diagnostic images, to avoid the need for time-consuming searches through the hospital s paper-based archives. The possibility to access clinical information and diagnostic images using a single computer programme proved to be useful both for evaluating the patient s conditions immediately after the imaging procedure and for monitoring the patient s progress over time by comparing the different diagnostic images and imaging procedures. This pilot experience could be seen to provide the basic know-how for applying the method in the future Emergency Department of the A. Gemelli Hospital in Rome.

Hypothalamic derangement in traumatized patients: growth hormone (GH) and prolactin response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and GH-releasing hormone.

OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of severe head injury on both basal pituitary hormone secretion and the response to exogenous synthetic hypothalamic releasing factors (TRH and GHRH) in order to evaluate sequential changes in the central control of hypophyseal secretion in the days following head injury. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study PATIENTS: 21 comatose male patients with head injuries, each intubated and ventilated, intensively monitored and having no previous endocrine problems. MEASUREMENTS: AND RESULTS The GH and PRL responses to TRH (200 microg iv), and the GH and PRL responses to GHRH (50 microg iv) were evaluated, respectively, on the days 1 and 16 and on days 2, 7and 15 after admission. Daily blood samples were also collected for GH, PRL, TSH, T3 and T4 evaluation. In the basal samples taken on days 2, 7 and 15, IGF-I and cortisol were also determined. Nitrogen balance was assessed daily. On the day 1, TRH increased GH levels from 9.8 +/- 2.2 to 22.4 +/- 6.5 mU/l but failed to induce GH release on day 16. The PRL response to TRH was normal. The GH peak response to GHRH was normal on the day 2 (35.7 +/- 13.9 mU/l), but was increased on days 7 and 15 (68.3 +/- 10.7 mU/l on day 7; 73.8 +/- 9.2 mU/l on day 15, P < 0.01 vs. day 2). We found a significant PRL response to GHRH during the whole period of observation. In the daily evaluation, nitrogen balance was negative in all patients from the day 1 to 5. On average, all patients reached a positive nitrogen balance on the day 8. Compared to the day 2, a statistical increase in IGF-I concentration was observed on days 7 and 15. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of pituitary dynamics in the acute phase of a severe injury demonstrates an alteration of GH and PRL secretion, which correlate with the aminergic and/or peptidergic derangements. Taken together, our data suggest augmented tone of both GHRH and somatostatin in the very acute phase, while an imbalance of releasing factors is hypothesized in the following days. The metabolic consequences of this neuroendocrine pattern could be advantageous in the rapid recovery from the cascade of events produced by the trauma, as documented by the increase in IGF-1 levels and the positive nitrogen balance.

Provocative hypothalamopituitary axis tests in severe head injury: correlations with severity and prognosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of severe head injury on both the secretion of basal pituitary hormones and the response to exogenous synthetic hypothalamic releasing factors administration. DESIGN: Prospective, clinical study. SETTING: General intensive care unit in a university teaching hospital, Italy. PATIENTS: Comatose, head-injured patients (n = 22), all intubated and mechanically ventilated, invasively monitored without previous endocrinologic problems and substitutive therapies. INTERVENTIONS: Routine neuroemergency procedures; administration of exogenous, synthetic hypothalamic releasing hormones. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Determinations of basal concentrations of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine, and thyroxine were performed daily in the first week and on days 15 and 16 after the trauma. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and cortisol were also determined on days 2, 7, and 15. We carried out a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) test for the evaluation of the PRL, TSH, and GH responses on days 1 and 16 after the trauma and a growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) test for the evaluation of GH and PRL responses on days 2, 7, and 15 after the trauma. Outcome was evaluated at 6 mos with the GOS. Triiodothyronine showed low values, even if in the normal range; thyroxine remained in the normal range. Significant increases in insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations were observed on both days 7 and 15 compared with day 2 (p = .024 and p = .034, respectively). The GH response to GHRH was significantly greater on days 7 and 15 than in the very acute phase (p< .01 comparing days 7 and 15 vs. day 2). We found a higher GH response to GHRH on day 7 in group 1 vs. group 2 (as both peak and area under the curve, p = .018 and p = .015, respectively). No difference in GH response was detected on days 2 and 15. A "paradoxical" response of GH to TRH was observed on the day after the head trauma (basal vs. peak, p = .002) but not on day 16. The GH peak response to TRH was greater on day 1 in those patients with an unfavorable course (group 1 vs. group 2, p < .05). The TSH response to TRH was not significantly correlated to the severity of trauma, but it was significantly (p < .04) higher in group 1 than in group 2. Finally, a "paradoxical" PRL response to GHRH administration was present on day 2 (basal vs. peak, p=.0003), day 7 (basal vs. peak, p = .01), and on day 15 after the trauma (basal vs. peak, p = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Some of the responses to provocative tests have been identified as "paradoxical" and seem to have a great importance in the definition of prognosis in severe head-injured patients, specifically the GH response to TRH and the PRL response to GHRH that are significantly correlated with outcome.

[Tetanus: problems of differential diagnosis in the presence of contemporaneous administration of metoclopramide]. / Tetano: problemi di diagnosi differenziale in presenza di contemporanea assunzione di metoclopramide.

Here we report a clinical case concerning differential diagnosis between tetanus and metoclopramide intoxication. A 67 year old woman was admitted to our intensive care unit complaining of both trisma and four limbs hypertone soon after a massive metoclopramide bolus administration. The patient was affected by a chronicle renal insufficiency and a diagnosis of metoclopramide intoxication was made. The long lasting dystonic symptomatology together with respiratory insufficiency ruled out the hypothesis of drug overdose. The intensive care physicians would take into account that at least a 24 hours clinical observation is mandatory in order to perform a correct diagnosis.

Diagnosis of traumatic carotid-cavernous sinus fistula by monitoring venous oxygen saturation in the jugular bulb: report of two cases.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: A traumatic carotid-cavernous sinus fistula (CCF) is rarely diagnosed early and may sometimes be missed until clinical signs and symptoms appear. The continuous monitoring of cerebral venous oxygen saturation may reveal the presence of a CCF by means of a fiberoptic catheter that records very high oxygen saturation values when positioned in the jugular bulb. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We report two cases of early diagnosis of CCFs unexpectedly revealed by monitoring the jugular bulb for venous oxygen saturation values that approximated arterial saturation values. One case was diagnosed on Day 3 after admission, and the other was diagnosed shortly after cannulation of the ipsilateral jugular bulb. INTERVENTION: Confirmation of the diagnosis of CCF was obtained by angiography. Intravascular treatment was performed in one case. CONCLUSION: These cases add another diagnostic role to cerebral venous oxygen saturation monitoring. When high cerebral venous oxygen saturation values rapidly or abruptly reach arterial oxygen saturation, the presence of a CCF must be considered and confirmed by arterial angiography.

[Transcranial Doppler sonography in neurotraumatology: hemodynamic monitoring of diffuse axonal injury]. / Il Doppler transcranico in neurotraumatologia: monitoraggio emodinamico della lesione assonale diffusa.

Six patients with diffuse axonal injury, ranging in age 8 to 29 years, hospitalized in emergency in our Polyclinic with a Glagow coma score under 8, were examined. Patients were intubated and connected to an automatic respirator. They underwent serial cranial CT and transcranial Doppler sonography recordings using the temporal window with insonation of the two middle cerebral arteries. During the period of observation, the metabolic processes and systemic hemodynamics were maintained within the limits of homeostasis. In all cases and at different times, osmotic diuretics (18% mannitol), barbiturates and hyperventilation therapy were administered. In 5 patients over 6 (80%) increased blood flow, variously sensitive to barbiturates, was detected associated to increased resistance index secondary to intracranial hypertension. Based on Doppler findings four patients underwent surgical treatment: ventriculostomy for monitoring of intracranial pressure or decompressive craniectomy. According to this experience, the use of transcranial Doppler US is mandatory for a correct identification of the hemodynamic injury associated to diffuse axonal injury, for planning the medical and/or surgical approach and for assessment of the successful results of therapeutic management.

Immune cell imbalance in major depressive and panic disorders.

We investigated subsets of peripheral immunologic cells in 12 drug-free patients affected by major depression according to DSM-III-R criteria, and who had recent evidence of somatic diseases. They were compared with 10 drug-free depressives, with 10 patients with panic disorder, and with 12 healthy volunteers, all without somatic disease. The immune subsets were measured by flow cytometry. The results showed that both groups of depressives had the same abnormalities in immune cells compared with the healthy volunteers or the panic disorder patients; in particular they presented a lower number of CD3+, CD8+ and HLA-DR+. The patients with panic attacks did not differ from healthy controls, except for CD4+ cells which were significantly lowered, even in comparison with the depressive groups. These data, although preliminary and in a small sample, suggest that some immune parameters may be influenced by the presence of a major psychiatric disorder.

Psychopathology, temperament, and past course in primary major depressions. 2. Toward a redefinition of bipolarity with a new semistructured interview for depression.

We report on the utility of a new instrument to identify subtypes of major depressive episodes with special reference to pseudo-unipolar conditions. By incorporating reliable measures of depressive and hyperthymic temperamental characteristics in subtype definitions, we achieve the sharpest possible demarcation between unipolar and bipolar disorders. The new procedures also reveal that 1 out of 3 primary depressives in a consecutive series of 405 patients belong to the bipolar spectrum. Furthermore, among bipolars, bipolar II disorder (redefined as major depressions with hypomania or hyperthymic temperament) represents the most common variant. We discuss the nosologic, therapeutic, methodologic and theoretical implications of these considerations on the unipolar-bipolar dichotomy. Given that major depression emerges as the final common clinical expression of a heterogeneous group of disorders, it underscores the importance of focusing on temperament and course of illness in subclassification efforts such as attempted here.

Psychopathology, temperament, and past course in primary major depressions. 1. Review of evidence for a bipolar spectrum.

In reviewing recent findings on affective conditions in the interface of unipolar and bipolar disorders, we find evidence favoring a partial return to Kraepelin's broad concept of manic-depressive illness, which included many recurrent depressives and temperamental variants. This review addresses methodologic, clinical, and familial considerations in the definition and characterization of a proposed spectrum of bipolar disorders which subsumes episodic and chronic forms. Episodic bipolar disorders are subclassified into bipolar schizoaffective, and bipolar I and II, and bipolar III or pseudo-unipolar forms. Chronic bipolar disorders could be either intermittent or persistent, and are subclassified into chronic mania, protracted mixed states, and rapid-cycling forms, as well as the classical temperaments (cyclothymic, hyperthymic, irritable and dysthymic).

A proposed new approach to the clinical subclassification of depressive illness.

This paper focuses on the classification of mood disorders. Data are reported from 227 outpatients who met DSM-III-R criteria for Major Depressive Episode. Each patient was evaluated by the Semistructured Interview for Depression (SID), which was developed and organized according to a decision tree model. The SID was used both to identify the sample with major depressive disorders and, then, to subclassify them into five subtypes. Three bipolar types (I, II, III) and two unipolar types (recurrent and single episode) were distinguished, and comparisons among the subtypes are presented. Therapeutic implications of the classification are discussed in relation to recent advances in targeting short and long-term treatments for specific subtypes.

The importance of separation anxiety in the differentiation of panic disorder from agoraphobia.

When patients with panic disorders are divided into two groups, those that are without any signs of phobic avoidance and those that are frankly agoraphobic, we see a differential premorbid history of separation anxiety in childhood with school phobia. The former group we found to be without these problems, while the latter demonstrated a history of school phobia in the majority of cases (60 per cent). This may indicate that uncomplicated panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks are not always differential cross-sections of the same disease process, or different levels of severity of the same psychopathological entity, but may represent illnesses best not conceptualized as lying on a continuum. Further research will be served by separating panic disorder (DSM-III 300.01) into two groups: uncomplicated panic disorder, and panic disorder with limited phobic avoidance, which will exist along with the present agoraphobia with panic attacks, perhaps best renamed panic disorder with extensive phobic avoidance.