ABSTRACT
Early detection is a major strategy in breast cancer control and, for this reason, it is important to ensure access to investigation of suspected cases for care continuity and timely treatment. This study aimed to estimate the need for procedures of breast cancer early detection and assess their adequacy for providing care to screened and symptomatic women in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in 2019. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the provision of tests for breast cancer early detection, comparing the estimated need with the procedures performed in the SUS. Parameters provided by the Brazilian National Cancer Institute were used to estimate the population and the need for early detection tests. The number of procedures performed in 2019 was obtained from the Outpatient Information System of the SUS. A deficit in screening mammograms was observed in the country (-45.1%), ranging from -31.4% in the South Region to -70.5 % in the North Region. If this test was offered to the target population, the deficit in the country would reduce to -14.8% and there would be an oversupply in the South Region (6.2%). Diagnostic investigation procedures varied between the regions, with higher deficits in coarse needle biopsy (-90.8%) and breast lump biopsy/excision (-80.6%) observed in the Central-West Region, and the highest deficit in anatomopathological exams in the North Region (-88.5%). The comparison between the production and need for procedures of breast cancer early detection in Brazil and its regions identified deficits and inadequacies that must be better understood and addressed at the state and municipal levels.
A detecção precoce é uma das estratégias para o controle do câncer de mama e, para tanto, é fundamental garantir o acesso à investigação dos casos suspeitos para continuidade do cuidado e tratamento oportuno. Este estudo tem por objetivo estimar a necessidade de procedimentos para detecção precoce dessa neoplasia e avaliar a sua adequação no atendimento às mulheres rastreadas e sintomáticas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), no ano de 2019. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal para analisar a oferta de exames de detecção precoce do câncer de mama, comparando a necessidade estimada com os procedimentos realizados no SUS. Foram utilizados os parâmetros disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Câncer para estimar a população e a necessidade de exames para a detecção precoce. No Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do SUS, obteve-se o número de procedimentos realizados em 2019. Observou-se um déficit de mamografias de rastreamento no país (-45,1%), variando entre -31,4% na Região Sul a -70,5% na Região Norte. Se a oferta desse exame fosse direcionada para a população-alvo do rastreamento, o déficit no país reduziria para -14,8% e haveria sobreoferta no Sul (6,2%). Os procedimentos de investigação diagnóstica apresentaram variações entre as regiões, com maiores déficits de punção por agulha grossa (-90,8%) e biópsia/exérese de nódulo da mama (-80,6%) observados no Centro-oeste, e o maior déficit de exames anatomopatológicos no Norte (-88,5%). A comparação entre a produção e a necessidade de procedimentos para detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil identificou déficits e inadequações que devem ser melhor conhecidos e equacionados em nível estadual e municipal.
La detección temprana es una de las estrategias para el control del cáncer de mama y, para ello, es fundamental garantizar el acceso a la investigación de los casos sospechosos para la continuidad del cuidado y el tratamiento oportuno. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo estimar la necesidad de procedimientos para la detección temprana de esta neoplasia y evaluar su adecuación en la atención a las mujeres rastreadas y sintomáticas en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) brasileño, en el año 2019. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal para analizar la oferta de pruebas para la detección temprana del cáncer de mama, comparando la necesidad estimada con los procedimientos realizados en el SUS. Se utilizaron los parámetros proporcionados por el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer para estimar la población y la necesidad de pruebas para la detección temprana. El número de procedimientos realizados en el 2019 se obtuvo del Sistema de Información Ambulatoria del SUS. Se observó un déficit de mamografías de tamizaje en el país (-45,1%), oscilando entre el -31,4% en la Región Sur y el -70,5% en la Región Norte. Si la oferta de esta prueba se dirigiera a la población objetivo del rastreo, el déficit en el país se reduciría al -14,8% y habría una sobreoferta en el Sur (6,2%). Los procedimientos de investigación diagnóstica presentaron variaciones entre regiones, observándose mayores déficits en punción con aguja gruesa (-90,8%) y biopsia/escisión de nódulo mamario (-80,6%) en el Centro-Oeste, y el mayor déficit de pruebas anatomopatológicas en el Norte (-88,5%). La comparación entre la producción y la necesidad de procedimientos para la detección temprana del cáncer de mama en Brasil y en las regiones identificó déficits e insuficiencias que deben ser mejor conocidos y abordados a nivel estatal y municipal.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Early Detection of Cancer , Mammography , National Health Programs , Humans , Brazil/epidemiology , Female , Cross-Sectional Studies , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Mammography/statistics & numerical data , Middle Aged , Adult , Mass Screening/methods , Mass Screening/statistics & numerical data , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
The advanced stage at diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) may be related to individual factors, socioeconomic conditions, and healthcare service availability. The objective of the study was to analyze the prevalence of advanced stage CRC at the time of diagnosis and its association with individual, contextual, socioeconomic, and healthcare service indicators. An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted, analyzing cases of malignant neoplasms of the colon and rectum in individuals of both sexes, aged between 18 and 99 years, diagnosed between 2010 and 2019 in Brazil (n = 69,047). Data were collected from the Hospital Cancer Registry (HCR), Atlas of Human Development in Brazil, and from the National Registry of Health Institutions (NRHI). A Multilevel Poisson Regression model with random intercept was used. The prevalence of advanced stage CRC at diagnosis was 65.6%. Advanced stage was associated with older age groups prevalence ratio (PR) 4.40 and younger age groups (PR 1.84), low Human Development Index (HDI) (PR 1.22), and low density of family health strategy teams (PR 1.10). The study highlights the unequal distribution of social determinants of health in the diagnosis CRC in Brazil, revealing the need to evaluate and redirect public policies aimed at improving early detection and prevention of CRC in the country.
Subject(s)
Colorectal Neoplasms , Multilevel Analysis , Neoplasm Staging , Social Determinants of Health , Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology , Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology , Aged , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , Aged, 80 and over , Cross-Sectional Studies , Adolescent , Young Adult , Socioeconomic Factors , Prevalence , RegistriesABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: In the absence of evidence on the effect of mammographic screening on overall mortality, comparing the number of deaths avoided with the number of deaths caused by screening would be ideal, but the only existing models of this type adopt a very narrow definition of harms. The objective of the present study was to estimate the number of deaths prevented and induced by various mammography screening protocols in Brazil. METHODS: A simulation study of cohorts of Brazilian women screened, considering various age groups and screening interval protocols, was performed based on life tables. The number of deaths avoided and caused by screening was estimated, as was the absolute risk reduction, the number needed to invite for screening-NNS, the net benefit of screening, and the ratio of "lives saved" to "lives lost". Nine possible combinations of balances between benefits and harms were performed for each protocol, in addition to other sensitivity analyses. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The most efficient protocol was biennial screening from 60 to 69 years of age, with almost three times more deaths avoided than biennial screening from 50 to 59 years of age, with a similar number of deaths avoided by biennial screening from 50 to 69 years of age and with the greatest net benefit. Compared with the best scenario of annual screening from 40 to 49 years of age, the NNS of the protocol with biennial screening from 60 to 69 years of age was three-fold lower. Even in its best scenario, the addition of annual screening from 40 to 49 years of age to biennial screening from 50 to 69 years of age results in a decreased net benefit. However, even in the 50-69 year age group, the estimated reduction in breast cancer mortality for Brazil was half that estimated for the United Kingdom.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Aged , Breast Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Brazil/epidemiology , Early Detection of Cancer/adverse effects , Early Detection of Cancer/methods , Mammography/adverse effects , Mammography/methods , Breast , Mass Screening/methodsABSTRACT
OBJETIVE: to analyze breast cancer screening monitoring indicators in the female population using the Brazilian National Health System, from 2018 to 2019. METHODS: this was a descriptive study based on Cancer Information System (SISCAN) data; screening indicators were calculated following deterministic linkage of the mammography and histopathology databases. RESULTS: in 2018, 807,430 women aged 50 to 69 years were screened for breast cancer, 91% of whom had a benign result, 1.8% probably benign, 6.7% inconclusive results and 0.5% results suggestive of cancer; the positive mammogram rate was 9.0%; biopsy was estimated to be indicated for 1.6% of the women, 33.9% of whom had a malignant result, and the cancer confirmation rate was 5.4 per 1,000 women. CONCLUSION: high benign lesion loss to follow-up was identified; the positive mammogram rate was lower than the international parameter, but the cancer detection rate was adequate and the percentage of inconclusive mammograms was acceptable.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Early Detection of Cancer , Female , Humans , Biopsy , Brazil/epidemiology , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Mammography , Information SystemsABSTRACT
Objetive: To analyze breast cancer screening monitoring indicators in the female population assisted by the Brazilian Unified Health System, from 2018 to 2019. Methods: Descriptive study based on the Cancer Information System (Siscan). Screening indicators were calculated through the deterministic linkage of the mammography and histopathological databases. Results: In 2018, 807,430 women, aged 50 to 69 years were screened for breast cancer. Of these, 91% had a benign result, 1.8% probably benign, 6.7% inconclusive results and 0.5% suggestive of cancer. The positive mammography rate was 9.0%. An indication for biopsy was estimated for 1.6% of the women, a malignant result for 33.9% of them and a cancer confirmation rate of 5.4 per 1,000 women. Conclusion: A high loss of follow-up of benign lesions was identified. The rate of positive mammograms was lower than the international parameter, but the cancer detection rate was adequate and the percentage of inconclusive mammograms acceptable.
Objetivo: Analizar indicadores del tamizaje de cáncer de mama en población femenina atendida por Sistema Único de Salud Brasileño, de 2018-2019. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo basado en Sistema de Información del Cáncer (Siscan). Los indicadores de detección se calcularon después de vinculación determinista de bases de datos de mamografía e histopatología. Resultados: En 2018, 807.430 mujeres de 50-69 años examinaram cáncer de mama. De estos, 91% tuvo resultado benigno, 1,8% probablemente benigno, 6,7% resultado no concluyente y 0,5% sugestivo de cáncer. La tasa de mamografías positivas fue 9,0%. Se estimó indicación de biopsia en 1,6% de las mujeres, resultado maligno en 33,9% y tasa de confirmación de cáncer de 5,4 por 1.000 mujeres. Conclusión: Se identificó alta pérdida de seguimiento de las lesiones benignas. La tasa de mamografías positivas fue inferior al parámetro internacional, pero la tasa de detección de cáncer fue adecuada y el porcentaje de mamografías no concluyentes aceptable.
Objetivo: analisar indicadores de monitoramento do rastreamento do câncer de mama na população feminina usuária do Sistema Único de Saúde, Brasil, no período 2018-2019. Métodos: estudo descritivo, a partir do Sistema de Informação do Câncer; foram calculados indicadores de rastreamento após relacionamento determinístico das bases de dados de mamografia e histopatologia. Resultados: em 2018, 807.430 mulheres na faixa etária de 50-69 anos foram rastreadas e dessas, 91% apresentaram resultado benigno, 1,8% provavelmente benigno, 6,7% inconclusivo e 0,5% sugestivo de câncer; a taxa de mamografia positiva foi de 9,0%; estimou-se indicação de biópsia para 1,6% das mulheres, resultado maligno para 33,9% delas, e taxa de confirmação de câncer de 5,4 por 1000 mulheres. Conclusão: identificou-se elevada perda de seguimento das lesões benignas; a taxa de mamografias positivas foi inferior ao parâmetro internacional; contudo, a taxa de detecção de câncer foi adequada, e o percentual de mamografias inconclusivas aceitável.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: analisar indicadores de monitoramento do rastreamento do câncer de mama na população feminina usuária do Sistema Único de Saúde, Brasil, no período 2018-2019. Métodos: estudo descritivo, a partir do Sistema de Informação do Câncer; foram calculados indicadores de rastreamento após relacionamento determinístico das bases de dados de mamografia e histopatologia. Resultados: em 2018, 807.430 mulheres na faixa etária de 50-69 anos foram rastreadas, e dessas, 91% apresentaram resultado benigno, 1,8% provavelmente benigno, 6,7% inconclusivo e 0,5% sugestivo de câncer; a taxa de mamografia positiva foi de 9,0%; estimou- -se indicação de biópsia para 1,6% das mulheres, resultado maligno para 33,9% delas, e taxa de confirmação de câncer de 5,4 por 1 mil mulheres. Conclusão: identificou-se elevada perda de seguimento das lesões benignas; a taxa de mamografias positivas foi inferior ao parâmetro internacional; contudo, a taxa de detecção de câncer foi adequada, e o percentual de mamografias inconclusivas, aceitável.
Objetivo: analizar indicadores del tamizaje de cáncer de mama en población femenina atendida por Sistema Único de Salud Brasileño, de 2018-2019. Métodos: estudio descriptivo basado en Sistema de Información del Cáncer (Siscan). Los indicadores de detección se calcularon después de vinculación determinista de bases de datos de mamografía e histopatología. Resultados: en 2018, 807.430 mujeres de 50-69 años examinaram cáncer de mama. De estos, 91% tuvo resultado benigno, 1,8% probablemente benigno, 6,7% resultado no concluyente y 0,5% sugestivo de cáncer. La tasa de mamografías positivas fue 9,0%. Se estimó indicación de biopsia en 1,6% de las mujeres, resultado maligno en 33,9% y tasa de confirmación de cáncer de 5,4 por 1.000 mujeres. Conclusión: se identificó alta pérdida de seguimiento de las lesiones benignas. La tasa de mamografías positivas fue inferior al parámetro internacional, pero la tasa de detección de cáncer fue adecuada y el porcentaje de mamografías no concluyentes aceptable.
Objetive: to analyze breast cancer screening monitoring indicators in the female population using the Brazilian National Health System, from 2018 to 2019. Methods: this was a descriptive study based on Cancer Information System (SISCAN) data; screening indicators were calculated following deterministic linkage of the mammography and histopathology databases. Results: in 2018, 807,430 women aged 50 to 69 years were screened for breast cancer, 91% of whom had a benign result, 1.8% probably benign, 6.7% inconclusive results and 0.5% results suggestive of cancer; the positive mammogram rate was 9.0%; biopsy was estimated to be indicated for 1.6% of the women, 33.9% of whom had a malignant result, and the cancer confirmation rate was 5.4 per 1,000 women. Conclusion: high benign lesion loss to follow-up was identified; the positive mammogram rate was lower than the international parameter, but the cancer detection rate was adequate and the percentage of inconclusive mammograms was acceptable.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Breast Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Mass Screening/statistics & numerical data , Unified Health System , Brazil/epidemiology , Women's Health , Population Studies in Public HealthABSTRACT
As a middle-income country, Brazil has one of the largest public health systems worldwide, which deals with free and universal access to health care. Regarding cervical cancer, the country possesses a large infrastructure for the screening of premalignant and malignant lesions, but yet based on old technology, having Papanicolaou as the major screening method, followed by colposcopy and treatment. Also, large disparities in access are present, which makes effectiveness of screening and treatment in different regions of the country highly unequal. In this review, we describe and evaluate the current screening, treatment and prophylactic (HPV vaccination) strategies to combat cervical cancer in Brazil, and discuss potential incorporation of more recent technologies in these areas in the country to pave its way toward cervical cancer elimination.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Brazil/epidemiology , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Female , Hospitals , HumansABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on mortality from cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as underlying cause and comorbidity in Brazil and Brazilian regions in 2020. METHODS: We used the 2019 and 2020 databases of the Mortality Information System (SIM) to analyze deaths occurring between March and December of each year that had cancer or CVD as the underlying cause or comorbidity. Deaths from covid-19 in 2020 were also analyzed. To estimate the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) and the excess of deaths, 2019 data were considered as standard. RESULTS: Between March and December 2020, there were 181,377 deaths from cancer and 291,375 deaths from cardiovascular diseases in Brazil, indicating reduction rates of 9.7% and 8.8%, respectively, compared to the same period of the previous year. The pattern was maintained in the five Brazilian regions, with lower variation for cancer (-8.4% in the South to -10.9% in the Midwest). For CVD, the variation was greater, from -2.2% in the North to -10.5 in the Southeast and South. In the same period of 2020, these diseases were classified as comorbidities in 18,133 deaths from cancer and 188,204 deaths from cardiovascular diseases, indicating a proportional excess compared to data from 2019, of 82.1% and 77.9%, respectively. This excess was most significant in the Northern Region, with a ratio of 2.5 between observed and expected deaths for the two conditions studied. CONCLUSIONS: Excess deaths from cancer and CVD as comorbidities in 2020 may indicate that covid-19 had an important impact among patients with these conditions.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Cardiovascular Diseases , Neoplasms , Brazil/epidemiology , Humans , PandemicsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To present the development and validation processes of a decision aid for prostate cancer screening in Brazil. METHODS: Study with qualitative-participatory design for the elaboration of a decision aid for prostate cancer screening, with the participation of a group of men and physicians inserted in primary health care in 11 Brazilian states. Evidence synthesis, field testing, and use in clinical scenarios were performed to adapt the content, format, language, and applicability towards the needs of the target audience in the years 2018 and 2019. The versions were subsequently evaluated by the participants and modified based on the data obtained. RESULTS: We elaborated an unprecedented tool in Brazil, with information about the tests used in the screening, comparison of their possible benefits and harms and a numerical infographic with the consequences of this practice. We verified the decision aid usability to assist in the communication between the doctor and the man in the context of primary health care, besides identifying the need for greater discussion about sharing decisions in clinical scenarios. CONCLUSION: The tool was easy to use, objective, and has little interference in consultation time. It is a technical-scientific material, produced by research, with the participation of its main target audience and which is available free of charge for use in Brazilian clinical scenarios.
Subject(s)
Early Detection of Cancer , Prostatic Neoplasms , Brazil , Decision Making , Decision Support Techniques , Humans , Male , Mass Screening , Patient Participation , Prostate-Specific Antigen , Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment in Brazil. METHODS: This was a descriptive study using data from the Outpatient and Hospital Information Systems, and the Cancer Information System. Monthly percentage variation of cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment procedures in 2019 and 2020 was calculated, as well as waiting time for cervical and breast cancer tests. RESULTS: In 2020 cytopathology tests fell by 3,767,686 (-44.6%), screening mammograms fell by 1,624,056 (-42.6%), biopsies fell by 257,697 (-35.3%), cancer surgery fell by 25,172 (-15.7%), and radiotherapy procedures fell by 552 (-0.7%), compared to 2019. Time intervals for performing cervical and breast cancer screening exams were little affected. CONCLUSION: Cancer control actions were impacted by the pandemic, making it necessary to devise strategies to mitigate the effects of possible delays in diagnosis and treatment.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Neoplasms , Brazil/epidemiology , Early Detection of Cancer/methods , Humans , Neoplasms/diagnosis , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Neoplasms/therapy , Pandemics/prevention & control , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in screening, diagnostic investigation and cancer treatment in Brazil. Methods: Descriptive study using data from the SUS Outpatient and Hospital Information Systems, and Cancer Information System. Monthly percentage variation of cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment procedures was calculated, as well as the time for performing exams related to cancers of the cervix and breast for 2019 and 2020. Results: In 2020 there was a 3,767,686 (-44.6%) reduction in cytopathological tests, 1,624,056 (-42.6%) in screening mammograms, 257,697 (-35.3%) in biopsies, 25,172 (-15.7%) in oncologic surgeries, and 552 (-0.7%) radiotherapy procedures compared to 2019. Time intervals for performing screening exams for cervix and breast cancers were little affected. Conclusion: Cancer control actions were impacted by the pandemic, making it necessary to devise strategies to mitigate the effects of possible delays in diagnosis and treatment.
Objetivo: Analizar los efectos a corto plazo de la pandemia por COVID-19 en tamizaje, diagnóstico y tratamiento de cáncer en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo utilizando datos del Sistemas de Información Ambulatoria y Hospitalaria del SUS y Sistema de Información del Cáncer. Se calculó la variación porcentual mensual en procedimientos de tamizaje, diagnóstico y tratamiento de cáncer para 2019 y 2020, y el tiempo para realizar exámenes de cánceres de cérvix y mama. Resultados: En 2020 hubo reducción del 3.767.686 (-44,6%) en exámenes citopatológicos, 1.624.056 (- 42,6%) en mamografías, 257.697 (-35,3%) en biopsias, 25.172 (-15,7%) en cirugías oncológicas y 552 (-0,7%) en radioterapia en comparación con 2019. Tiempos de los exámenes de tamizaje para los cánceres de cérvix y de mama se vieron poco afectados. Conclusión: Acciones de control del cáncer se vieron impactadas por la pandemia, por lo que fue necesario diseñar estrategias para mitigar los efectos de posibles retrasos en diagnóstico y tratamiento.
Objetivo: Analisar efeitos de curto prazo da pandemia de COVID-19 no rastreamento, investigação diagnóstica e tratamento de câncer no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, utilizando-se dados do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais e do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS, e Sistema de Informação do Câncer. Calculou-se a variação percentual mensal de procedimentos de rastreamento, diagnóstico e tratamento de câncer, em 2019 e 2020, além do tempo esperado para realização dos exames relacionados aos cânceres do colo do útero e mama. Resultados: Em 2020, houve redução de 3.767.686 (-44,6%) exames citopatológicos, 1.624.056 (-42,6%) mamografias, 257.697 (-35,3%) biópsias, 25.172 cirurgias oncológicas (-15,7%) e 552 (-0,7%) procedimentos de radioterapia, comparando-se a 2019. Os intervalos de tempo para realização de exames de rastreamento de câncer do colo uterino e mama foram pouco afetados. Conclusão: Ações de controle do câncer foram afetadas pela pandemia, sendo necessárias estratégias para mitigar efeitos dos atrasos no diagnóstico e tratamento.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on mortality from cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as underlying cause and comorbidity in Brazil and Brazilian regions in 2020. METHODS We used the 2019 and 2020 databases of the Mortality Information System (SIM) to analyze deaths occurring between March and December of each year that had cancer or CVD as the underlying cause or comorbidity. Deaths from covid-19 in 2020 were also analyzed. To estimate the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) and the excess of deaths, 2019 data were considered as standard. RESULTS Between March and December 2020, there were 181,377 deaths from cancer and 291,375 deaths from cardiovascular diseases in Brazil, indicating reduction rates of 9.7% and 8.8%, respectively, compared to the same period of the previous year. The pattern was maintained in the five Brazilian regions, with lower variation for cancer (-8.4% in the South to -10.9% in the Midwest). For CVD, the variation was greater, from -2.2% in the North to -10.5 in the Southeast and South. In the same period of 2020, these diseases were classified as comorbidities in 18,133 deaths from cancer and 188,204 deaths from cardiovascular diseases, indicating a proportional excess compared to data from 2019, of 82.1% and 77.9%, respectively. This excess was most significant in the Northern Region, with a ratio of 2.5 between observed and expected deaths for the two conditions studied. CONCLUSIONS Excess deaths from cancer and CVD as comorbidities in 2020 may indicate that covid-19 had an important impact among patients with these conditions.
RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar o impacto da pandemia de covid-19 sobre a mortalidade por câncer e por doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) como causa básica e comorbidade no Brasil e em suas regiões em 2020. MÉTODOS Foram utilizadas as bases de dados de 2019 e 2020 do Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade (SIM), analisando os óbitos ocorridos entre março e dezembro de cada ano que tiveram o câncer e as DCV como causa básica ou como comorbidade. Também foram analisados os óbitos por covid-19 em 2020. Para o cálculo da Razão de Mortalidade Padronizada (RMP) e estimativa do excesso de mortes, os dados de 2019 foram considerados como padrão. RESULTADOS Entre março e dezembro de 2020 ocorreram no Brasil 181.377 mortes por câncer e 291.375 mortes por doenças cardiovasculares, indicando redução de 9,7% e de 8,8%, respectivamente, em relação ao mesmo período do ano anterior. O padrão foi mantido nas cinco regiões brasileiras, com menor variação para o câncer (-8,4% na Região Sul a -10,9% na Região Centro-Oeste). Para as DCV houve uma maior variação, de -2,2% na Região Norte até -10,5 nas regiões Sudeste e Sul. No mesmo período de 2020, essas enfermidades foram classificadas como comorbidade em 18.133 óbitos por câncer e 188.204 óbitos por doenças cardiovasculares, indicando um excesso proporcional, se comparado aos dados de 2019, de 82,1% e 77,9%, respectivamente. Esse excesso foi mais expressivo na Região Norte, com razão de 2,5 entre mortes observadas e esperadas, para as duas condições estudadas. CONCLUSÕES O excesso de óbitos por câncer e DCV como comorbidade em 2020 pode indicar que a covid-19 teve um importante impacto entre pacientes portadores dessas condições.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases , COVID-19 , Neoplasms , Brazil/epidemiology , PandemicsABSTRACT
Objetivo: Analisar efeitos de curto prazo da pandemia de COVID-19 no rastreamento, investigação diagnóstica e tratamento de câncer no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, utilizando-se dados do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais e do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares, e Sistema de Informação do Câncer. Calculou-se a variação percentual mensal de procedimentos de rastreamento, diagnóstico e tratamento de câncer, em 2019 e 2020, além do tempo esperado para realização dos exames relacionados aos cânceres do colo do útero e de mama. Resultados: Em 2020, houve redução de 3.767.686 (-44,6%) exames citopatológicos, 1.624.056 (-42,6%) mamografias, 257.697 (-35,3%) biópsias, 25.172 cirurgias oncológicas (-15,7%) e 552 (-0,7%) procedimentos de radioterapia, comparando-se a 2019. Os intervalos de tempo para realização de exames de rastreamento de câncer do colo uterino e mama foram pouco afetados. Conclusão: Ações de controle do câncer foram afetadas pela pandemia, sendo necessárias estratégias para mitigar efeitos dos atrasos no diagnóstico e tratamento.
Objetivo: Analizar los efectos a corto plazo de la pandemia por COVID-19 en rastreo, diagnóstico y tratamiento de cáncer en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo utilizando datos del Sistemas de Información Ambulatoria y Hospitalaria del SUS y Sistema de Información del Cáncer. Se calculó la variación porcentual mensual en procedimientos de rastreo, diagnóstico y tratamiento de cáncer para 2019 y 2020, y el tiempo para realizar exámenes de cánceres de cérvix y mama. Resultados: En 2020 hubo reducción de 3.767.686 (-44,6%) en exámenes citopatológicos, 1.624.056 (-42,6%) en mamografías, 257.697 (-35,3%) en biopsias, 25.172 (-15,7%) en cirugías oncológicas y 552 (-0,7%) en radioterapia en comparación con 2019. Tiempos de los exámenes de rastreo para los cánceres de cérvix y de mama se vieron poco afectados. Conclusión: Acciones de control del cáncer se vieron impactadas por la pandemia, por lo que fue necesario diseñar estrategias para mitigar los efectos de posibles retrasos en diagnóstico y tratamiento.
Objective: To analyze the short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment in Brazil. Methods: This was a descriptive study using data from the Outpatient and Hospital Information Systems, and the Cancer Information System. Monthly percentage variation of cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment procedures in 2019 and 2020 was calculated, as well as waiting time for cervical and breast cancer tests. Results: In 2020 cytopathology tests fell by 3,767,686 (-44.6%), screening mammograms fell by 1,624,056 (-42.6%), biopsies fell by 257,697 (-35.3%), cancer surgery fell by 25,172 (-15.7%), and radiotherapy procedures fell by 552 (-0.7%), compared to 2019. Time intervals for performing cervical and breast cancer screening exams were little affected. Conclusion: Cancer control actions were impacted by the pandemic, making it necessary to devise strategies to mitigate the effects of possible delays in diagnosis and treatment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Early Detection of Cancer/methods , COVID-19/prevention & control , Neoplasms/diagnosis , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , SARS-CoV-2 , Neoplasms/therapyABSTRACT
Introdução: O câncer do colo do útero apresenta elevadas taxas de incidência e mortalidade em mulheres no Brasil. O monitoramento das ações de controle tem sido limitado ao número de exames realizados e não às mulheres examinadas em razão da falta de um identificador único no sistema de informação. Objetivo: Analisar indicadores das ações de rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero entre mulheres de 25-64 anos com registro do primeiro exame citopatológico informado no Siscolo no período de 2007 a 2013. Método: Estudo de séries temporais dos indicadores das ações de rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero, calculados para mulheres de 25-64 anos que tiveram o primeiro exame citopatológico identificado no Siscolo entre 2007 e 2013. A tendência temporal foi avaliada usando a regressão linear generalizada pelo método de Prais-Winsten. Resultado: O indicador de captação mostrou tendência crescente apenas na Região Sul (p=0,038), enquanto a positividade geral (qualquer alteração citopatológica) manteve-se estacionária no país (p≥0,108). A representatividade da zona de transformação apresentou tendência decrescente em todas as Regiões (p<0,05), enquanto a razão entre lesão intraepitelial de alto grau e carcinoma epidermoide apontou tendência crescente nas Regiões Nordeste (10,3 em 2007 para 13,3 em 2013), Sudeste (17,5 para 20,2) e Sul (20,2 para 30,4). Conclusão: A razão entre lesão de alto grau e câncer crescente em três Regiões do país indica bom desempenho do rastreamento nessas localidades. Indicadores com tendência estacionária e tendência decrescente da representatividade da zona de transformação necessitam de acompanhamento
Introduction: Cervical cancer has high rates of incidence and mortality in women in Brazil. Monitoring of control actions has been limited to the number of tests performed and not to the women examined due to the lack of a unique identifier in the information system. Objective: To analyze indicators of cervical cancer screening actions among women aged 25-64 years with a record of the first cytopathological examination reported at Siscolo from 2007 to 2013. Method: Study of time series of indicators of cervical cancer screening actions were calculated for women aged 25-64 years who had their first cytopathological exam identified at Siscolo between 2007 and 2013. Trend analysis was performed using Prais-Winsten regression. Result: The uptake indicator showed an increasing trend only in the South (p=0.038) while overall positivity (any cytopathological alteration) remained stationary in the country (p≥0.108). Transformation zone sampling rate showed a decreasing trend in all regions (p<0.05), while the ratio between high-grade intraepithelial lesion and squamous cell carcinoma showed an increasing trend in the Northeast (10.3 in 2007 to 13.3 in 2013), Southeast (17.5 to 20.2) and South (20.2 to 30.4) regions. Conclusion: The increasing ratio between high-grade lesion and cancer in three regions of the country indicates a good screening performance in these locations. Indicators with a stationary trend and a decreasing trend in the transformation zone sampling rate need monitoring
Introducción: El cáncer de cuello uterino tiene altas tasas de incidencia y mortalidad en mujeres en Brasil. El seguimiento de las acciones de control se ha limitado al número de pruebas realizadas y no mujeres examinadas debido a falta de un identificador único en sistema de información. Objetivo:Analizar indicadores de acciones de tamizaje de cáncer cervicouterino en mujeres de 25-64 años con registro del primer examen citopatológico reportado en Siscolo en período 2007 a 2013. Método: Estudio de series temporales de indicadores de acciones de tamizaje masivo del cuello uterino calculado para mujeres de 25-64 años a las que se les identificó su primer examen citopatológico en Siscolo entre 2007 y 2013. La tendencia temporal se evaluó mediante regresión lineal generalizada mediante el método Prais-Winsten. Resultado: El indicador de captación mostró tendencia creciente solo en Sur (p=0,038) mientras que la positividad general (cualquier alteración citopatológica) se mantuvo estacionaria en el país (p>0,108). La representatividad de la zona de transformación mostró una tendencia decreciente en todas regiones (p<0,05), mientras que la relación entre lesiones intraepitelial de alto grado y carcinoma células escamosas mostró una tendencia creciente en regiones Noreste (10,3 en 2007 a 13,3 en 2013), Sudeste (17,5 a 20,2) y Sur (20,2 a 30,4). Conclusión: La relación entre lesiones de alto grado y aumento de cáncer en tres regiones indica buen desempeño de detección en estos lugares. Los indicadores con tendencia estacionaria y tendencia decreciente en representatividad de la zona de transformación necesitan monitoreo.Palabras clave: sistemas de información en salud; neoplasias del cuello uterino; prueba de papanicolaou; tamizaje masivo; estudios de series temporales
Subject(s)
Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms , Mass Screening , Time Series Studies , Health Information Systems , Papanicolaou TestABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Country-specific evidence is needed to guide decisions regarding whether and how to implement lung cancer screening in different settings. For this study, we estimated the potential numbers of individuals screened and lung cancer deaths prevented in Brazil after applying different strategies to define screening eligibility. METHODS: We applied the Lung Cancer Death Risk Assessment Tool (LCDRAT) to survey data on current and former smokers (ever-smokers) in 15 Brazilian state capital cities that comprise 18% of the Brazilian population. We evaluated three strategies to define eligibility for screening: (1) pack-years and cessation time (≥30 pack-years and <15 years since cessation); (2) the LCDRAT risk model with a fixed risk threshold; and (3) LCDRAT with age-specific risk thresholds. FINDINGS: Among 2.3 million Brazilian ever-smokers aged 55-79 years, 21,459 (95%CI 20,532-22,387) lung cancer deaths were predicted over 5 years without screening. Applying the fixed risk-based eligibility definition would prevent more lung cancer deaths than the pack-years definition [2,939 (95%CI 2751-3127) vs. 2,500 (95%CI 2318-2681) lung cancer deaths], and with higher screening efficiency [NNS=177 (95%CI 170-183) vs. 205 (95%CI 194-216)], but would tend to screen older individuals [mean age 67.8 (95%CI 67.5-68.2) vs. 63.4 (95%CI 63.0-63.9) years]. Applying age-specific risk thresholds would allow younger ever-smokers to be screened, although these individuals would be at lower risk. The age-specific thresholds strategy would avert three-fifths (60.1%) of preventable lung cancer deaths [N = 2629 (95%CI 2448-2810)] by screening 21.9% of ever-smokers. INTERPRETATION: The definition of eligibility impacts the efficiency of lung cancer screening and the mean age of the eligible population. As implementation of lung screening proceeds in different countries, our analytical framework can be used to guide similar analyses in other contexts. Due to limitations of our models, more research would be needed.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Brazil , Breast , Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control , Female , Hospitals, Public , HumansABSTRACT
The World Health Organization global call to eliminate cervical cancer encourages countries to consider introducing or improving cervical cancer screening programs. Brazil's Unified Health System (SUS) is among the world's largest public health systems offering free cytology testing, follow-up colposcopy, and treatment. Yet, health care networks across the country have unequal infrastructure, human resources, equipment, and supplies resulting in uneven program performance and large disparities in cervical cancer incidence and mortality. An effective screening program needs multiple strategies feasible for each community's reality, facilitating coverage and follow-up adherence. Prioritizing those at highest risk with tests that better stratify risk will limit inefficiencies, improving program impact across different resource settings. Highly sensitive human papillomavirus (HPV)-DNA testing performs better than cytology and, with self-collection closer to homes and workplaces, improves access, even in remote regions. Molecular triage strategies like HPV genotyping can identify from the same self-collected sample, those at highest risk requiring follow-up. If proven acceptable, affordable, cost-effective, and efficient in the Brazilian context, these strategies would increase coverage while removing the need for speculum exams for routine screening and reducing follow-up visits. SUS could implement a nationwide organized program that accommodates heterogenous settings across Brazil, informing a variety of screening programs worldwide.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/complications , Cytodiagnosis/methods , Early Detection of Cancer/methods , Papillomaviridae/isolation & purification , Papillomavirus Infections/complications , SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Brazil/epidemiology , DNA, Viral/analysis , DNA, Viral/genetics , Female , Humans , Papillomavirus Infections/genetics , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virologyABSTRACT
The World Health Organization Call to Eliminate Cervical Cancer resonates in cities like Manaus, Brazil, where the burden is among the world's highest. Manaus has offered free cytology-based screening since 1990 and HPV immunization since 2013, but the public system is constrained by many challenges and performance is not well-defined. We obtained cervical cancer prevention activities within Manaus public health records for 2019 to evaluate immunization and screening coverage, screening by region and neighborhood, and the annual Pink October screening campaign. We estimated that among girls and boys age 14-18, 85.9% and 64.9% had 1+ doses of HPV vaccine, higher than rates for age 9-13 (73.4% and 43.3%, respectively). Of the 90,209 cytology tests performed, 24.9% were outside the target age and the remaining 72,230 corresponded to 40.1% of the target population (one-third of women age 25-64). The East zone had highest screening coverage (49.1%), highest high-grade cytology rate (2.5%) and lowest estimated cancers (38.1/100,000) compared with the South zone (32.9%, 1.8% and 48.5/100,000, respectively). Largest neighborhoods had fewer per capita screening locations, resulting in lower coverage. During October, some clinics successfully achieved higher screening volumes and high-grade cytology rates (up to 15.4%). Although we found evidence of some follow-up within 10 months post-screening for 51/70 women (72.9%) with high-grade or worse cytology, only 18 had complete work-up confirmed. Manaus has successfully initiated HPV vaccination, forecasting substantial cervical cancer reductions by 2050. With concerted efforts during campaigns, some clinics improved screening coverage and reached high-risk women. Screening campaigns in community locations in high-risk neighborhoods using self-collected HPV testing can achieve widespread coverage. Simplifying triage and treatment with fewer visits closer to communities would greatly improve follow-up and program effectiveness. Achieving WHO Cervical Cancer Elimination goals in high-burden cities will require major reforms for screening and simpler follow-up and treatment.
