Determination of anthraquinones in Rhamnus purshiana using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector and simple ultraviolet spectroscopic analysis.

A new method based on Ultraviolet spectrophotometry was developed and compared with that based on high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination and quantification of anthraquinones in the extracts of Rhamnus purshiana bark. A validated quantitative analysis of cascaroside A, cascaroside B, emodin, and aloe-emodin in these herbal products has been previously performed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector. In the high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, all the anthraquinones showed satisfactory regression (r2 > 0.98) within the test ranges, and the recovery was in the range of 94-117%. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.008-0.010 and 0.029-0.035 µg/mL, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis showed differences in the anthraquinones determined from herbal samples. Subsequently, a simple and low-cost ultraviolet spectrophotometric methodology for the quantitative analysis of the same compounds in the extracts was applied, and all the contents were determined. A paired t-test confirmed that there were no significant differences between the two methods. Our results revealed that the developed method is simple and provides the ability to discriminate and control the quality of anthraquinones in herbal products.

Accumulation of trace metals in two commercially important shrimp species from Camamu Bay, Northeastern Brazil.

Camamu Bay is the second largest estuary in Bahia state, northeastern Brazil, being recognized by its high diversity and economical relevance for fisheries and tourism. To evaluate the impacts of environmental disturbances in Camamu Bay, trace metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Pb) were quantified in two widespread and commercially exploited shrimp species (Farfantepenaeus paulensis and Xiphopenaeus kroyeri). High concentrations of all metals but Pb were observed in both species by ICPOES. The concentration values for Cr, Co, and Mn were invariably higher than the accepted limits for human consumption in Brazil. Inter and intraspecific variation in metal levels might be related to biological particularities and body size. The accentuated contamination by trace metals in both species validated them as efficient bioindicators of environmental quality. Thus, effective planning, monitoring and regulatory policies should be adopted to inspect and remediate the metal contamination in natural resources from Camamu Bay.