Bleeding and Ischemic Risk Prediction in Patients With High Bleeding Risk (an EVOLVE Short DAPT Analysis).

The EVOLVE Short DAPT study demonstrated the safety of truncated dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in patients with a high bleeding risk (HBR) treated with SYNERGY stent(s) (Boston Scientific Company, Marlborough, Massachusetts). In this population, bleeding and ischemic risk prediction may further inform DAPT decisions. This post hoc analysis of the EVOLVE Short DAPT study identified predictors of ischemic and bleeding events up to 15 months using Cox proportional hazard models. The predicted probabilities of bleeding were calculated using the Breslow method. Of 2,009 enrolled patients, 96.9% of the patients met at least 1 HBR criteria. At 15 months, the cumulative incidences of bleeding and ischemic events were 6.3% and 6.0%, respectively. The risk of bleeding was increased in patients who received oral anticoagulants (hazard ratio [HR] 2.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50 to 3.36, p <0.001) or had peripheral vascular disease (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.56, p = 0.045). The risk of ischemic events was increased in patients with diabetes (HR 1.86, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.78, p <0.01) or congestive heart failure (HR 2.06, 95% CI 1.39 to 3.04, p <0.001). Renal insufficiency/failure was associated with both endpoints. There was a strong positive correlation between the predicted probability of ischemic and bleeding events (R = 0.77, p <0.001). In 617 patients with a predicted bleeding risk <4%, ischemic events predominated, and the ischemic and bleeding rates were higher in patients with a predicted bleeding risk ≥4%. Within an HBR cohort, specific characteristics identify patients at a higher risk for ischemic and separately, bleeding events. Increased bleeding risk is tied to increased ischemic risk. In conclusion, standardized risk models are needed to inform DAPT decisions in patients with a higher risk. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT02605447.

Transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve implantation within stentless landing zones: Procedural insights from a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: Valve-in-valve (VIV) transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a less invasive therapeutic option compared with redo surgical valve replacement for high-risk patients. Relative to procedures within stented surgical valves, VIV-TAVI within stentless valves is associated with a higher complication rate due to challenging underlying anatomy and absence of fluoroscopic landmarks. AIMS: We share a single-center experience with VIV-TAVI in stentless valves, discussing our procedural insights and associated outcomes. METHODS: Our institutional database was queried, and 25 patients who had undergone VIV-TAVI within a stentless bioprosthesis, homograft, or valve-sparing aortic root replacement between 2013 and 2022 were found. Outcome endpoints were based on the Valve Academic Research Consortium-3 criteria. RESULTS: The mean age of the cohort was 69.5 ± 13.6 years. VIV implantation was performed within a homograft in 11 patients, a stentless bioprothesis in 10 patients, and a valve-sparing aortic root replacement in 4 patients. Nineteen (76%) balloon-expandable valves, 5 (20%) self-expanding valves, and one mechanically-expandable (4%) valve were implanted with 100% procedural success, with no instances of significant paravalvular leak, coronary occlusion, or device embolization. There was one (4%) in-hospitality mortality after an emergency procedure; one (4%) patient experienced a transient ischemic attack; and two (8%) patients required permanent pacemaker implantation. The median length of hospital stay was 2 days. After a median follow-up time of 16.5 months, valve function was acceptable in all patients with available data. CONCLUSION: VIV-TAVI within stentless valves can be safely performed with methodical procedural technique and can provide clinical benefit in patients at high reoperation risk.

3D Intracardiac Echocardiography in Mitral Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair: When TEE Is Hard to Stomach.

Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) has historically had limited utility in complex structural interventions. Newer 3-dimensional ICE catheters have enhanced imaging and real-time functionality. We present a novel case of mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair where transesophageal imaging was limited by massive hiatal hernia and where complementary 3D ICE imaging enabled procedural success. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

Endovascular eSheath Predilation to Facilitate Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Delivery.

Iliofemoral anatomy plays an important role in determining transfemoral (TF) transcatheter aortic valve replacement candidacy. Herein, we present the novelty of endovascular eSheath balloon dilation to facilitate valve delivery. This technique, in addition to or instead of intravascular lithotripsy, may facilitate TF valve delivery in patients who do not otherwise meet traditional criteria for TF access.

Outcomes Associated With Peripheral Artery Disease in Myocardial Infarction With Cardiogenic Shock.

BACKGROUND: Mortality rates for patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and cardiogenic shock (CS) remain high despite advances in revascularization strategies and mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to elucidate the association between comorbid lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) and outcomes in CS and AMI. METHODS: PAD status was defined in Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized with CS and AMI from October 1, 2015 to June 30, 2018. Primary outcomes ascertained through December 31, 2018 included in- and out-of-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included bleeding, amputation, stroke, and lower extremity revascularization. Multivariable regression models with adjustment for confounders were used to estimate risk. Subgroup analyses included patients treated with MCS and those who underwent coronary revascularization. RESULTS: Among 71,690 patients, 5.9% (N = 4,259) had PAD. Mean age was 77.8 ± 7.9 years, 58.7% were male, and 84.3% were White. Cumulative in-hospital mortality was 47.2%, with greater risk among those with PAD (56.3% vs 46.6% without PAD; adjusted OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.40-1.59). PAD patients also had greater risk of in-hospital amputation (1.6% vs 0.2%; adjusted OR: 7.0; 95% CI: 5.26-9.37) and out-of-hospital mortality (67.9% vs 40.7%; adjusted HR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.67-1.90). MCS was less frequently utilized in PAD patients (21.5% vs 38.6% without PAD; P < 0.001) and was associated with higher mortality, need for lower extremity revascularization, and amputation risk. Findings were consistent in patients who underwent coronary revascularization. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients presenting with AMI and CS, PAD was associated with worse limb outcomes and survival. In addition to lower MCS utilization rates, those with PAD who received MCS had increased mortality, lower extremity revascularization, and amputation rates.

Individualizing Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (DAPT) Duration Based on Bleeding Risk, Ischemic Risk, or Both: An Analysis From the DAPT Study.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines recommend individualization of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) duration. Whether to guide decisions based on bleeding risk, ischemic risk or a combination is not known. AIMS: To compare a bleeding prediction model, an ischemic prediction model, and the DAPT score in guiding DAPT duration. METHODS: 11,648 patients in the DAPT Study were categorized into higher and lower risk using a bleeding model, an ischemic model, and the DAPT score. Effect of 30 vs. 12 months of DAPT on bleeding events, ischemic events, and the combination (net-adverse clinical events [NACE]) was assessed. RESULTS: Among patients stratified with the bleeding model, 30 vs. 12 months of DAPT resulted in similar ischemic and bleeding event rates. With the ischemic model, however, higher risk patients had a greater reduction in ischemic events with extended duration of DAPT (difference in risk differences [DRD]: -2.6%, 95% CI: -3.9 to -1.3%; p < 0.01), and a smaller increase in bleeding (DRD: -1.0%, 95% CI: -2.1-0.0%; p = 0.04). Similarly, high DAPT score patients had a greater reduction in ischemic events with extended DAPT duration (DRD: -2.4%, 95%: CI: -3.6 to -1.1%; p < 0.01) and a smaller increase in bleeding (DRD: -1.2%, 95%: CI: -2.2-0.0%; p = 0.02). Although NACE was similar for bleeding risk groups, NACE was significantly reduced with extended DAPT in the higher ischemic risk and high DAPT score groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this low-bleeding risk population, stratifying patients based on predicted ischemic risk and the DAPT score best discerned benefit versus harm of extended DAPT duration on ischemic events, bleeding events, and NACE. CONDENSED ABSTRACT: Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) should be guided by an individualized risk assessment. Bleeding risk tools have emerged to identify patients at high bleeding risk for whom truncated DAPT therapy may be safest. In a lower bleeding risk population, however, whether DAPT duration should be guided by bleeding risk, ischemic risk, or a combination is unknown. In this analysis, implementation of a score based on ischemic risk prediction and the DAPT score (a combination of ischemic and bleeding risk) best predicted ischemic events, bleeding events, and net-adverse clinical events (NACE).

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) survival: A quaternary center analysis.

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) has emerged as a rescue strategy for nonresponders to conventional CPR (CCPR) in cardiac arrest. Definitive guidelines for ECPR deployment do not exist. Prior studies suggest that arrest rhythm and cardiac origin of arrest may be variables used to assess candidacy for ECPR. AIM: To describe a single-center experience with ECPR and to assess associations between survival and physician-adjudicated origin of arrest and arrest rhythm. METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients who underwent ECPR at a quaternary care center over a 7-year period was performed. Demographic and clinical characteristics were extracted from the medical record and used to adjudicate the origin of cardiac arrest, etiology, rhythm, survival, and outcomes. Univariate analysis was performed to determine the association of patient and arrest characteristics with survival. RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2017, 47 cardiac arrest patients were initiated on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the time of active CPR. ECPR patient survival to hospital discharge was 25.5% (n = 12). Twenty-six patients died on ECMO (55.3%) while nine patients (19.1%) survived decannulation but died before discharge. Neither physician-adjudicated arrest rhythm nor underlying origin were significantly associated with survival to discharge, either alone or in combination. Younger age was significantly associated with survival. Nearly all survivors experienced myocardial recovery and left the hospital with a good neurological status. CONCLUSIONS: Arrest rhythm and etiology may be insufficient predictors of survival in ECPR utilization. Further multiinstitutional studies are needed to determine evidenced-based criteria for ECPR deployment.

Utility of the dual antiplatelet therapy score to guide antiplatelet therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) score, one of the first prediction tools to attempt to uncouple bleeding and ischemic risk following percutaneous coronary intervention, can help guide antiplatelet duration after coronary intervention. Evaluating the generalizability of the score is important to understand its utility in clinical practice. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that validated the DAPT score. A random effect meta-analysis was performed of ischemic and bleeding risk based on DAPT score. A secondary analysis assessed the risk of longer versus shorter P2Y12 inhibitor duration on ischemic and bleeding risk in randomized controlled trials of DAPT duration. RESULTS: We identified 10 patient cohorts involving 88,563 patients. Compared with a low DAPT score, a high DAPT score was associated with increased ischemic risk (RR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.41-1.87) and reduced bleeding risk (RR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.70-0.92). In three randomized trials of DAPT duration that contained information on the DAPT score, the relative risk of net adverse clinical events (combined ischemic and bleeding events) with longer duration of DAPT was 1.56 (95% CI: 0.77-3.19) for low DAPT score patients, and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.61-1.21) for high DAPT score patients (pinteraction = .14). CONCLUSIONS: In this large meta-analysis, the DAPT score consistently stratified bleeding and ischemic risk in opposing directions across several different study populations. More evaluation is needed to understand if the effect of longer DAPT duration on NACE is modified by the DAPT score in current practice.

Advancing precision medicine with personalized drug screening.

Personalized drug screening (PDS) of approved drug libraries enables rapid development of specific small-molecule therapies for individual patients. With a multidisciplinary team including clinicians, researchers, ethicists, informaticians and regulatory professionals, patient treatment can be optimized with greater efficacy and fewer adverse effects by using PDS as an approach to find remedies. In addition, PDS has the potential to rapidly identify therapeutics for a patient suffering from a disease without an existing therapy. From cancer to bacterial infections, we review specific maladies addressed with PDS campaigns. We predict that PDS combined with personal genomic analyses will contribute to the development of future precision medicine endeavors.

Triple Therapy: When, if Ever?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: More than 9% of patients who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) carry a concomitant indication for long-term anticoagulation (OAC). The optimal combination of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy for these patients remains uncertain. RECENT FINDINGS: Numerous studies have demonstrated that dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) remains superior to vitamin K antagonists (VKA) in the prevention of stent-related events. Nonetheless, OAC therapy is more efficacious than DAPT at reducing thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. The combination of DAPT and OAC, known as triple therapy, portends as much as a threefold increased risk of fatal and nonfatal bleeding compared to warfarin monotherapy. Recent studies have demonstrated the safety of shorter durations of triple therapy with subsequent transition to a P2Y12 inhibitor in combination with an OAC. Here, we review the evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of dual therapy with OAC in combination with a P2Y12 inhibitor versus triple therapy among recently stented patients with a long-term requirement for OAC.

Experience With Wearable Cardioverter-Defibrillators at 2 Academic Medical Centers.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to characterize the experience in a cohort of patients prescribed a wearable cardioverter-defibrillator (WCD) over a 2-year interval at 2 academic medical centers. BACKGROUND: The WCD is available for patients felt to be at high risk of sudden cardiac death. However, there is a lack of randomized data to guide its use and prescribing patterns vary. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed indications and therapies of all WCD prescriptions over a 2-year period from 2 large academic medical centers. Data on compliance and treatment events of patients wearing the WCD were reviewed. RESULTS: Among the 147 patients prescribed a WCD, 80% were male with an age of 59 ± 14 years. The WCD was prescribed for the following reasons: primary prevention in the setting of a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35% (53%), secondary prevention when an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was not implanted (16%), implantable cardioverter-defibrillator explantation (23%), and other high-risk scenarios for arrhythmic sudden death (9%). The median wear duration was 50 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 25 to 85 days) with a median of 21.0 h of wear per day (IQR: 15.0 to 22.8 h). High-voltage treatment was delivered in 3 separate patients, 2 of whom died. The third patient received 3 WCD shocks without restoration of a perfusing rhythm and ultimately was resuscitated by emergency responders. No patients received inappropriate therapies. CONCLUSIONS: Events requiring therapy were rare and no lives were directly saved by the WCD. Future efforts are needed to improve identification of patients most likely to benefit from a WCD.

Type 2 myocardial infarction due to supply-demand mismatch.

The best-accepted definition of myocardial infarction (MI) is provided by statements from the Universal Definition of MI Global Task force. This article, now in its third iteration, defines MI as myocardial cell death due to prolonged myocardial ischemia. It further delineates an increasingly incident subclassification of MI known as type 2 MI (T2MI). T2MI identifies instances of myocardial necrosis in which an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and/or demand occurs for reasons other than atherosclerotic plaque disruption. While associated with considerable risk (comparable to that of type 1 MI, which has well-defined management strategies), the spectrum of potential etiologies for T2MI makes development of precise diagnostic criteria and therapeutic implications of the diagnosis challenging.

Intraaortic Balloon Pump Rupture.

Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) rupture is a rare complication, with overall reported incidence of 1%. It is thought to be related to abrasion of balloon material against atherosclerotic plaques during or after placement. The presented case demonstrates the presence of blood within the IABP driveline, which is a key indicator of rupture.

Pneumomediastinum in inflammatory bowel disease.

A 28-year-old man with a history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) developed sudden-onset chest pain and dyspnea 9 days after esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy. A chest radiograph demonstrated pneumomediastinum tracking along the left heart border. The spontaneous pneumomediastinum was presumed to be a complication of his severe colitis. The severity of our patient's symptoms ultimately necessitated a subtotal colectomy, a decision unrelated to the pneumomediastinum. IBD-associated pneumomediastinum can be attributed to retroperitoneal air leakage from severe colitis and usually resolves with conservative management.

Residual tumor volume and patient survival following reoperation for recurrent glioblastoma.

OBJECTIVES: Maximal safe tumor resection is part of the standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. The role of reoperation in the care of patients with recurrent glioblastoma is less clear, and less than a quarter of patients undergo a second surgery. Previous studies have identified preoperative variables associated with the improved survival of patients following reoperation, and guidelines for the selection of patients for reoperation have been devised and validated. In this study, the authors analyzed the relative survival benefit of maximal safe tumor removal in a series of patients with recurrent glioblastoma who all underwent reoperation. METHODS: In this longitudinal study, the clinical and radiological data of 97 consecutive patients who underwent reoperation for recurrent glioblastoma were prospectively collected. Multiple regression analyses and Kaplan-Meier plotting were performed to identify pre- and postoperative clinical and radiological variables associated with increased survival following reoperation. RESULTS: The median postoperative survival of all patients following reoperation was 12.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.0-15.6 months). Multiple Cox regression analysis revealed that patients with large (> 3 cm(3)) residual tumors following reoperation had significantly decreased survival relative to those with residual tumors that were small (> 0-3 cm(3); hazard ratio [HR] = 3.10, 95% CI 1.69-5.70; p < 0.001) or radiologically absent (0 cm(3); HR = 5.82, 95% CI 2.98-11.37; p < 0.001). Large residual tumors had faster rates of subsequent regrowth than small (odds ratio [OR] = 4.22, 95% CI 1.19-14.97; p = 0.026) or radiologically absent (OR = 11.00, 95% CI 2.79-43.43; p = 0.001) residual tumors, and a faster regrowth rate was significantly associated with decreased survival (HR = 4.01, 95% CI 2.26-7.14; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The overall survival of patients with recurrent glioblastoma who underwent reoperations increased with decreasing postoperative residual tumor volumes. For patients meeting prognostic criteria for reoperation, the surgical goal should be to minimize residual tumor volume to maximize overall survival. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT00060541 ( ClinicalTrials.gov ).