ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Bacterial challenge in periodontal diseases activates both local and systemic immune responses of a macroorganism by increasing multiple proinflammatory factors that can be discovered in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and in saliva. We tested the hypothesis that IL-1ß concentration in GCF and saliva correlates with periodontal health and diseases. Materials and methods: The study included 62 people (mean age 36±14 yrs), divided into three groups - patients with periodontitis (24 people), patients with gingivitis (19 people) and periodontally healthy people (19 people). Saliva and GCF samples were taken from all participants and the levels of IL-1ß in all samples were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: IL-1ß concentrations in GCF of healthy individuals were significantly lower than the IL-1ß concentration in GCF of patients with gingivitis (p=0.009) and with periodontitis (p.
Subject(s)
Chronic Periodontitis/diagnosis , Gingival Crevicular Fluid/chemistry , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Biomarkers/metabolism , Chronic Periodontitis/metabolism , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
Reduced social motivation is hypothesised to underlie social behavioural symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The extent to which rewarding social stimuli are granted privileged access to awareness in ASD is currently unknown. We use continuous flash suppression to investigate whether individuals with and without ASD show privileged access to awareness for social over nonsocial rewarding scenes that are closely matched for stimulus features. Strong evidence for a privileged access to awareness for rewarding social over nonsocial scenes was observed in neurotypical adults. No such privileged access was seen in ASD individuals, and moderate support for the null model was noted. These results suggest that the purported deficits in social motivation in ASD may extend to early processing mechanisms.
