ABSTRACT
Numerous techniques have been described for lower lid blepharoplasty. Over the past 15 years, a preexcision (pinch) technique with preservation of the pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle has been used in more than 1000 cases presenting with dermatochalasis and pseudoherniated fat without lateral skin redundancy. The amount of lower lid skin to be excised is estimated by pinching the skin. Preservation of the pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle adds support to the tarsoligamentous complex. This technique aids in preventing the development of both postoperative ectropion and rounding of the lower lid. Technical considerations of the preexcision (pinch) technique and a description of alternative techniques are outlined. Indications, complications, and patient satisfaction are discussed.
Subject(s)
Eyelids/surgery , Surgery, Plastic/methods , Humans , Postoperative ComplicationsABSTRACT
The term VMR is used to describe a nonimmunologic, noninfectious, chronic type of rhinitis without nasal eosinophilia. The causes are diverse and, in many cases, never identified. Before the diagnosis of VMR can be made, AR and ENR must be ruled out. A thorough history and physical examination in association with appropriate laboratory testing can be used to distinguish these types of rhinitis. Surgical procedures tend to provide the most relief, but should only be used after more conservative measures have failed.
