Impact of severe acute kidney injury on short-term mortality in urosepsis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of severe acute kidney injury (AKI) on short-term mortality in patients with urosepsis. METHODS: This prospective cohort study evaluated 207 patients with urosepsis. AKI was diagnosed in accordance with the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria, and severe AKI was defined as stage 2 or 3 AKI. Patients were divided into two groups: patients who developed severe AKI (severe AKI group) and patients who did not (control group). The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality within 30 days. The secondary endpoints were 90-day mortality and in-hospital mortality. The exploratory outcomes were the risk factors for severe AKI development. RESULTS: The median patient age was 79 years. Of the 207 patients, 56 (27%) developed severe AKI. The 30-day mortality rate in the severe AKI group was significantly higher than that in the control group (20% vs. 2.0%, respectively; P < 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, performance status and severe AKI were significantly associated with 30-day mortality. The in-hospital mortality and 90-day mortality rates in the severe AKI group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). In the multivariable analysis, age, urolithiasis-related sepsis, lactate values, and disseminated intravascular coagulation were significantly associated with severe AKI development. CONCLUSIONS: Severe AKI was a common complication in patients with urosepsis and contributed to high short-term mortality rates.

Hydrodissection performed safely with an injection catheter during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

To facilitate nerve preservation during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RP), hydrodissection (HD) using an injection catheter was performed. HD during RP is a nerve-sparing technique in which an epinephrine solution is injected into the lateral prostatic fascia to separate it from the prostatic capsule. Although the beneficial effects of HD on postoperative sexual function have been reported, HD has rarely been used in robot-assisted RP. The primary reason may be the potential benefits of robotic surgery, such as less bleeding, magnified surgical view, and fine movement of instruments; another possible reason is the difficulty of handling sharp needles in a narrow intra-abdominal surgical space of robot-assisted RP. For safe fluid injection, we performed HD using an injection catheter - commonly used for endoscopic upper gastrointestinal hemostasis - during robot-assisted RP. The required time to accomplish HD and the safety of the procedure were examined in 15 HD of 11 patients. Approximately 2 minutes (median, 118 seconds; interquartile range, 106-174 seconds) were needed for HD using the injection catheter. All patients had no complications, such as injuries to the intestine, vessels, or other organs. Postoperative bleeding did not occur in any patients. HD with an injection catheter enables surgeons to perform simple and safe nerve preservation during robot-assisted RP.

Combination of Muscle Quantity and Quality Is Useful to Assess the Necessity of Surveillance after a 5-Year Cancer-Free Period in Patients Who Undergo Radical Cystectomy: A Multi-Institutional Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Although continuous surveillance after a 5-year cancer-free period in patients with bladder cancer (BC) who undergo radical cystectomy (RC) is recommended, optimal candidates for continuous surveillance remain unclear. Sarcopenia is associated with unfavorable prognosis in various malignancies. We aimed to investigate the impact of low muscle quantity and quality (defined as severe sarcopenia) on prognosis after a 5-year cancer-free period in patients who underwent RC. METHODS: We conducted a multi-institutional retrospective study assessing 166 patients who underwent RC and had five years or more of follow-up periods after a 5-year cancer-free period. Muscle quantity and quality were evaluated using the psoas muscle index (PMI) and intramuscular adipose tissue content (IMAC) using computed tomography images five years after RC. Patients with lower PMI and higher IMAC values than the cut-off values were diagnosed with severe sarcopenia. Univariable analyses were performed to assess the impact of severe sarcopenia on recurrence, adjusting for the competing risk of death using the Fine-Gray competing risk regression model. Moreover, the impact of severe sarcopenia on non-cancer-specific survival was evaluated using univariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: The median age and follow-up period after the 5-year cancer-free period were 73 years and 94 months, respectively. Of 166 patients, 32 were diagnosed with severe sarcopenia. The 10-year RFS rate was 94.4%. In the Fine-Gray competing risk regression model, severe sarcopenia did not show a significant higher probability of recurrence, with an adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio of 0.525 (p = 0.540), whereas severe sarcopenia was significantly associated with non-cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio 1.909, p = 0.047). These results indicate that patients with severe sarcopenia might not need continuous surveillance after a 5-year cancer-free period, considering the high non-cancer-specific mortality.

Trends of incidence and age in adults with testicular germ cell tumors: a two-decade multicenter retrospective study.

Background: Testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) are the most common type of cancer in adolescent boys and young adult men, but the age at onset has been increasing. However, little is known regarding the incidence and age of patients with testicular GCTs in Japan because the incidence there is low. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with GCTs in seven hospitals between 2001 and 2021. We compared the incidences of testicular GCTs, ages at onset, pathological types (seminoma or nonseminoma), and clinical stages in patients with GCTs between the periods 2001-2010 and 2011-2021. Results: We identified 193 adults (≥20 years of age) with testicular GCTs; their median age was 37 years [interquartile range (IQR), 29-47 years]. Of these patients, 87 (45.1%) were ≥40 years of age at diagnosis. The proportion of patients aged ≥40 years was significantly higher in the period 2011-2021 (54.8%) than in 2001-2010 (30.8%; P=0.001). The incidence of seminoma was significantly higher in the period 2011-2021, but clinical stage did not differ significantly between the two periods. The population-adjusted incidence among patients in their 40s was 3.4-fold higher in 2011-2021 than in 2001-2010. Conclusions: The number of patients with GCTs aged ≥40 years was significantly higher in 2011-2021, even in a population-adjusted analysis. Treatment strategies need to be adapted to older testicular germ cell tumor patients.

Novel quantitative software for automatically excluding red bone marrow on whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in patients with metastatic prostate cancer: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: To establish a novel quantitative method that automatically excludes the red bone marrow and accurately quantifies the tumor volume on whole-body magnetic resonance imaging using updated imaging software. To also evaluate the association between the quantified tumor volume and the prognosis of patients with metastatic prostate cancer. METHODS: This prospective analysis included patients diagnosed with metastatic hormone-sensitive or metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer between 2017 and 2022. We developed an imaging software (Attractive BD_Score) that analyzed whole-body diffusion-weighted and in-phase and opposed-phase T1-weighted images to automatically exclude the red bone marrow. The quantified tumor volume was compared with that quantified by traditional whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging without red bone marrow exclusion. Prostate-specific antigen progression-free survival, time-to-pain progression, and overall survival were evaluated to assess the prognostic value of the quantified tumor volume. RESULTS: The quantified tumor volume was significantly smaller than that quantified by the traditional method in metastatic hormone-sensitive (median: 81.0 ml vs. 149.4 ml) and metastatic castration-resistant (median: 29.4 ml vs. 63.5 ml) prostate cancer. A highly quantified tumor volume was associated with prostate-specific antigen progression-free survival (p = 0.030), time-to-pain progression (p = 0.003), and overall survival (p = 0.005) in patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer and with poor prostate-specific antigen progression-free survival (p = 0.001) and time-to-pain progression (p = 0.005) in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Our imaging method could accurately quantify the tumor volume in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. The quantified tumor volume can be clinically applied as a new prognostic biomarker for metastatic prostate cancer.

Importance of considering interest in sex when evaluating satisfaction after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of patients' interest in sex on the satisfaction after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, longitudinal changes of urinary and sexual functions and bothers were evaluated. METHODS: A total of 101 patients underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy in our institution. Based on sexual interest, they were divided into the high-interest and low-interest groups. Overall satisfaction, urinary function, urinary bother, sexual function, and sexual bother were evaluated using the expanded prostate cancer index composite questionnaire preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. We investigated the associations between the overall satisfaction and urinary function/urinary bother/sexual function/sexual bother scores (with higher score indicating better function and less impairment). RESULTS: In the high-interest group (n = 45), satisfaction correlated with high urinary function and urinary bother scores early after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (urinary function: 1 and 3 months, urinary bother: 3 months postoperatively; P < 0.05) and then with high sexual bother score thereafter (sexual bother at 6 and 12 months after surgery; P < 0.05). Sexual function score did not correlate with satisfaction. In the low-interest group (n = 56), satisfaction correlated with high urinary function and urinary bother scores over time (urinary function: 3 and 6 months, urinary bother: at 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively; P < 0.05). Neither sexual function nor sexual bother correlated with satisfaction postoperatively in the low-interest group. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of urinary and sexual functions and bothers on patients' overall satisfaction differed between patients with high- and low-interest in sex. The patient's interest in sex should be considered when assessing satisfaction after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

Use of the SAND balloon catheter for safe and easy laparoscopic removal of adrenal cysts.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical resection should be considered for giant adrenal cysts if they are functional, if malignancy cannot be ruled out, or if there is a risk of bleeding. However, preventing cyst damage, including fluid leak, and ensuring a good field of view could be challenging in laparoscopic surgery. We report on our successful use of the SAND balloon catheter in laparoscopic adrenalectomy. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was a 40-year-old man with a right adrenal cyst that exhibited growth tendency. We performed laparoscopic adrenalectomy using a SAND balloon catheter through a preexisting port. Use of the catheter allowed for not only aspiration of the cyst fluid without leakage into the operative field but also gentle grasping of the cyst wall, which enabled us to easily remove the adrenal gland, including the cyst. CONCLUSION: Use of the SAND balloon catheter facilitates safe and easy laparoscopic resection of giant adrenal cysts.

Efficacy and safety of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for elderly patients: surgical outcomes and King's Health Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) has been a widely utilized minimally invasive surgical procedure for benign prostate hyperplasia. The current study aimed to compare surgical outcomes and King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) assessment scores following HoLEP between younger men and those aged ≥75 years. METHODS: This prospective single-center study compared perioperative complications, postoperative urinary conditions, and KHQ scores (nine categories) between men aged ≥75 years (group A) and men aged <75 years (group B) before and 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients were included for analysis (group A, n=38 and group B, n=62). No differences in patient backgrounds, perioperative complications, such as perioperative decrease in hemoglobin, postoperative fever, postoperative indwelling catheterization duration, or postoperative hospitalization duration, and KHQ were observed between both groups. Both groups showed significantly better International Prostate Symptom Scores, quality of life, maximum urinary flow rate, and postvoid residual volume 1, 3, and 6 months after HoLEP compared to their respective preoperative levels (P<0.01). Regarding KHQ categories, both groups showed significantly better general health perceptions, impact on life, emotions, and sleep/energy 1 month after HoLEP; role limitations, physical limitations, and social limitations 3 months after HoLEP; and personal relationships and incontinence severity measures 6 months after HoLEP compared to their respective preoperative levels (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HoLEP could be safe and effective even for men aged ≥75 years, comparing complications, urinary condition, and KHQ scores.

Progressive plasmacytoid variant bladder cancer with retroperitoneal dissemination: An autopsy case report.

INTRODUCTION: Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma is a rare and aggressive variant of bladder cancer. CASE PRESENTATION: A 75-year-old woman presented with plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma with retroperitoneal dissemination was treated with chemotherapy. After an unsuccessful first-line chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin, we assessed circulating tumor cells; one such cell was found to be positive for programmed death-ligand 1. The patient received second-line chemotherapy with pembrolizumab. However, the tumor extended to the retroperitoneal organs, and the patient eventually died. Autopsy revealed a widespread diffuse scirrhous infiltration of the carcinoma into the retroperitoneum. However, distant metastasis was not observed. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of circulating tumor cells and autopsy revealed a disease state of progressive plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma treated with pembrolizumab.

One-surgeon basketing technique for stone extraction during flexible ureteroscopy for urolithiasis: A comparison between novice and expert surgeons.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and efficacy of the one-surgeon basketing technique for stone extraction during flexible ureteroscopy when carried out by novice surgeons under instructor guidance. METHODS: We retrospectively compared perioperative results, complications and the "stone-free" rate (defined as ≤2 mm fragments on kidney-ureter-bladder imaging 1 month after flexible ureteroscopy) between experienced (group A, n = 50) and novice (group B, n = 50) surgeons using the one-surgeon basketing technique. RESULTS: Baseline patients' characteristics were similar between the two groups. There were no significant differences between groups A and B in operative time (mean 76 min vs 85 min, P = 0.46), stone-free rate (98% vs 92%, P = 0.36), postoperative fever events (4% vs 4%, P = 1.00) and postoperative hospital stay (24 h vs 24 h, P = 1.00). Clavien-Dindo grade IIIa complications (ureter injury) were only observed in two cases (4%) in group B. CONCLUSIONS: The one-surgeon basketing technique for the extraction of stone fragments during flexible ureteroscopy might be safely and effectively carried out by surgeons with no prior experience under proper guidance.

Anteroposterior dissection three-lobe technique: an effective surgical method for inexperienced surgeons performing holmium laser enucleation of the prostate.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of anteroposterior dissection three-lobe technique for surgeons with no prior experience of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) METHODS: In this retrospective single-center study, we compared perioperative complications and postoperative urinary conditions between an experienced surgeon and surgeons with no prior experience of HoLEP. Forty patients were operated by one experienced surgeon (group A), and another 40 patients were operated by four inexperienced surgeons (group B) under the guidance of the instructor. The enucleation procedure was performed by anteroposterior dissection three-lobe technique. RESULTS: Patient characteristics were comparable in the two groups in age, body mass index, and preoperative prostate volume. The enucleation efficiency rate [0.96 vs 0.56 g/min (P < 0.001)] was significantly different between groups A and B. However, there were no significant differences in enucleate prostate weight, hemoglobin decrease, or postoperative catheter-indwelling period between the two groups. There were no significant differences with respect to postoperative urinary incontinence rate at 1 month [43 vs 50% (P = 0.65)], 3 months [13 vs 20% (P = 0.55)], and 6 months [0 vs 3% (P = 1.00)] between the two groups. Both groups showed a significant improvement in the maximum flow rate and postvoid residual volume after HoLEP compared with baseline levels (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Anteroposterior dissection HoLEP three-lobe technique was found to be a safe and effective enucleation method for surgeons with no prior experience of HoLEP under the guidance of the instructor.

Preoperative pelvic floor muscle exercise for early continence after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: a randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Transient postoperative urinary incontinence is a bothersome complication of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP). The effects of preoperative pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) for early recovery of continence after HoLEP have never been elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the benefit of preoperatively started PFME for early recovery of continence after HoLEP. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients to start PFME preoperatively and continue postoperatively (group A) or start PFME no earlier than the postoperative period (group B). The primary outcome was time to complete urinary control, defined as no pad usage. The secondary outcome was measured using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF) score. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify parameters associated with recovery of continence after HoLEP. RESULTS: Seventy patients were randomized across groups A (n = 35) and B (n = 35). Patients' characteristics were not different between groups A and B. The postoperative urinary incontinence rate significantly decreased in group A compared with that in group B at 3 months postoperatively [3% vs. 26% (P = 0.01)]. However, there were no significant differences between groups A and B at 3 days [40% vs. 54% (P = 0.34)], 1 month [37% vs. 51% (P = 0.34)], and 6 months [0% vs. 3% (P = 1.00)] postoperatively, respectively. The postoperative ICIQ-SF score was not significantly different between groups A and B at any time point postoperatively. In univariate analysis, patients who performed preoperative PFME had a 0.56-fold lower risk of urinary incontinence 1 month after HoLEP and a 0.08-fold lower risk of urinary incontinence 3 months after HoLEP. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperatively started PFME appears to facilitate improvement of early urinary continence after HoLEP. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry in Japan (UMIN000034713); registration date: 31 October 2018. Retrospectively registered.

The Impact of Glycosylation of Osteopontin on Urinary Stone Formation.

Osteopontin (OPN) is a matrix glycoprotein of urinary calculi. This study aims to identify the role of aberrant glycosylation of OPN in urolithiasis. We retrospectively measured urinary glycosylated OPN normalized by urinary full-length-OPN levels in 110 urolithiasis patients and 157 healthy volunteers and 21 patients were prospectively longitudinal follow-up during stone treatment. The urinary full-length-OPN levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and glycosylated OPN was measured using a lectin array and lectin blotting. The assays were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve to discriminate stone forming urolithiasis patients. In the retrospective cohort, urinary Gal3C-S lectin reactive- (Gal3C-S-) OPN/full-length-OPN, was significantly higher in the stone forming urolithiasis patients than in the healthy volunteers (p < 0.0001), with good discrimination (AUC, 0.953), 90% sensitivity, and 92% specificity. The Lycopersicon esculentum lectin analysis of urinary full-length-OPN showed that urinary full-length-OPN in stone forming urolithiasis patients had a polyLacNAc structure that was not observed in healthy volunteers. In the prospective longitudinal follow-up study, 92.8% of the stone-free urolithiasis group had Gal3C-S-OPN/full-length-OPN levels below the cutoff value after ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URS), whereas 71.4% of the residual-stone urolithiasis group did not show decreased levels after URS. Therefore, Gal3C-S-OPN/full-length-OPN levels could be used as a urolithiasis biomarker.

Oncological outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma: a multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: The clinical impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) on oncological outcomes in patients with locally advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) remains unclear. We investigated the oncological outcomes of platinum-based NAC for locally advanced UTUC. RESULTS: Of 234 patients, 101 received NAC (NAC group) and 133 did not (Control [Ctrl] group). The regimens in the NAC group included gemcitabine and carboplatin (75%), and gemcitabine and cisplatin (21%). Pathological downstagings of the primary tumor and lymphovascular invasion were significantly improved in the NAC than in the Ctrl groups. NAC for locally advanced UTUC significantly prolonged recurrence-free and cancer-specific survival. Multivariate Cox regression analysis using an inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) method showed that NAC was selected as an independent predictor for prolonged recurrence-free and cancer-specific survival. However, the influence of NAC on overall survival was not statistically significant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 426 patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy at five medical centers between January 1995 and April 2017 were examined retrospectively. Of the 426 patients, 234 were treated for a high-risk disease (stages cT3-4 or locally advanced [cN+] disease) with or without NAC. NAC regimens were selected based on eligibility of cisplatin. We retrospectively evaluated post-therapy pathological downstaging, lymphovascular invasion, and prognosis stratified by NAC use. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed for independent factors for prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Platinum-based NAC for locally advanced UTUC potentially improves oncological outcomes. Further prospective studies are needed to clarify the clinical benefit of NAC for locally advanced UTUC.

Core 2 ß-1, 6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-1 expression in prostate biopsy specimen is an indicator of prostate cancer aggressiveness.

INTRODUCTION: To avoid over-treatment of early stage prostate cancer (PCa), predictive biomarkers for PCa aggressiveness which can be obtained during pre-treatment evaluation are essential. Core 2 ß-1, 6-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase-1 (GCNT1) is a key enzyme that forms core 2 branched O-glycans, the expression of which is associated with aggressive potential of prostate cancer. We examined whether GCNT1 expression in prostate biopsy specimen can predict cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy for the patients with with PCa. We then investigated molecular background for aggressive malignant potential mediated by GCNT1 expression. METHODS: Paraffin-embedded PCa biopsy specimens were immunohisto-chemically tested for GCNT1 expression using an anti-GCNT1 monoclonal antibody. We also examined the role of GCNT1 in PCa progression using cell lines which express high or low levels of GCNT1. RESULTS: GCNT1 expression correlated with D' Amico's recurrence risk classification. The GCNT1-positive rate in organ confined PCa was significantly lower than that in PCa with extra-prostatic extension. GCNT1-negative tumors were associated with significantly better prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-free survival compared with GCNT1-positive tumors. Multivariate analysis revealed that GCNT1 expression status was an independent risk factor for PSA recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Subsequent basic study revealed that GCNT1-over-expressing cells produced a significantly larger amount of growth factors when co-cultured with prostate stromal cells compared with GCNT1-knocked down cells and formed larger tumors. CONCLUSIONS: GCNT1 expression in prostate biopsy specimen is a significant and independent predictor of recurrence after radical prostatectomy, which can be used in pre-treatment decision making for the patient. Further validation study is necessary to establish clinical implication of GCNT1 in management of PCa.

I-branching N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase regulates prostate cancer invasiveness by enhancing α5ß1 integrin signaling.

Cell surface carbohydrates are important for cell migration and invasion of prostate cancer (PCa). Accordingly, the I-branching N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GCNT2) converts linear i-antigen to I-branching glycan, and its expression is associated with breast cancer progression. In the present study, we identified relationships between GCNT2 expression and clinicopathological parameters in patients with PCa. Paraffin-embedded PCa specimens were immunohistochemically tested for GCNT2 expression, and the roles of GCNT2 in PCa progression were investigated using cell lines with high GCNT2 expression and low GCNT2 expression. GCNT2-positive cells were significantly lesser in organ-confined disease than in that with extra-capsular extensions, and GCNT2-negative tumors were associated with significantly better prostate-specific antigen-free survival compared with GCNT2-positive tumors. Subsequent functional studies revealed that knockdown of GCNT2 expression in PCa cell lines significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion. GCNT2 regulated the expression of cell surface I-antigen on the O-glycan and glycolipid. Moreover, I-antigen-bearing glycolipids were subject to α5ß1 integrin-fibronectin mediated protein kinase B phosphorylation. In conclusion, GCNT2 expression is closely associated with invasive potential of PCa.

Detection of Core2 ß-1,6-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase in Post-Digital Rectal Examination Urine Is a Reliable Indicator for Extracapsular Extension of Prostate Cancer.

To identify appropriate candidates for aggressive treatment such as radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy of localized prostate cancer (PCa), novel predictive biomarkers of PCa aggressiveness are essential. Core2 ß-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-1 (GCNT1) is a key enzyme that forms core 2-branched O-glycans. Its expression is associated with the progression of several cancers. We established a mouse IgG monoclonal antibody (mAb) against GCNT1 and examined the relationship of GCNT1 expression to the clinicopathological status of PCa. Paraffin-embedded PCa specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for GCNT1 expression using a newly established mouse anti-GCNT1 mAb by ourselves. GCNT1-positive tumor showed significantly higher Gleason score and larger tumor volume. The number of GCNT1-positive cases was significantly lower in cases of organ-confined disease than in cases of extracapsular extension. GCNT1-negative tumors were associated with significantly better prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-free survival compared with GCNT1-positive tumors. Multivariate analysis revealed that detection of GCNT1 expression was an independent risk factor for PSA recurrence. We established new methods for GCNT1 detection from PCa specimens. Immunoblotting was used to examine post-digital rectal examination (DRE) urine from PCa patients. Over 90% of GCNT1-positive PCa patients with high concentrations of PSA showed extracapsular extension. In conclusion, GCNT1 expression closely associates with the aggressive potential of PCa. Further research aims to develop GCNT1 detection in post-DRE urine as a marker for PCa aggressiveness.