Valorisation of agri-food waste to fertilisers is a challenge in implementing the circular economy concept in practice.

The area of agricultural wastes valorisation to fertilizers is attracting growing attention because of the increasing fertilizer prices of fertilizers and the higher costs of waste utilization. Despite the scientific and political interest in the concept of circular economy, few studies have considered the practical approach towards the implementation of elaborated technologies. This article outlines innovative strategies for the valorisation of different biobased wastes into fertilizers. The present work makes a significant contribution to the field of new ideas for waste biomass management to recover significant fertilizer nutrients. These results emphasize the importance of the biomass use as a base of renewable resources, which has recently gained special importance, especially in relation to the outbreak of pandemia and war. Broken supply chains and limited access to deposits of raw materials used in fertilizer production (natural gas, potassium salts) meant that now, as never before, it has become more important and feasible to implement the idea of a circular economy and a green deal. We have obtained satisfactory results that demonstrate that appropriate management of biological waste (originating from agriculture, food processing, aquaculture, forest, pharmaceutical industry, and other branches of industry, sewage sludge) will not only reduce environmental nuisance (reducing waste heaps), but will also allow recovery of valuable materials, such as nitrogen (especially valuable amino acids), phosphorus, potassium, microelements, and biologically active substances with properties that stimulate plant growth. The results reported here provide information on production of biobased plant protection products (bioagrochemicals) from agri-food waste. This work reports an overview of biopesticides and biofertilisers production technologies and summarizes their properties and the mechanisms of action.

Long term evaluation of biomaterial application in surgical treatment of periodontosis.

Regenerative treatment of periodontally damaged teeth is a demanding task. Advantages which comes with use of biomaterials are mainly connected with fact that traditional, surgical treatment protocols often do not lead to bone regeneration. The aim of this research was to evaluate clinical and radiological effectiveness of surgical periodontal treatment (with application of HA-Biocer, Biogramu, Bio-Oss) after eight years prior to surgical protocol. Clinical evaluation consisted of measuring pocket depths with perio probe, than evaluation of API (approximal plaque-index) hygiene index (-). Calculation of modified sulcus bleeding index - SBI (%) by Muhlemann and Son was done. Engelberger, Marthaler and Rateitschak index on xrays was calculated. Routine check up eight years after surgical treatment of periodontitis with use of biomaterials was conducted on 32 patients (20 woman, 12 men). The group of patients was divided into: 28 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), and 4 patients with general aggressive periodontitis (GAP). Eight years after surgical treatment increase of bleeding areas were observed - in all applied biomaterials. For Bio-Oss average percent of SBI 45.2% (+/-24.3), for Biogran 62% (+/- 36.2) and respectively for HA-Biocer 51% (+/-33.2) API index (%) on teeth proximal surfaces was estimated for Biogran 47%, BioOss - 46.5% and for HABiocer 45.6%. Mean pocket depth (mm) has decreased - in case of all applied biomaterials. Radiological index was also calculated. Decrease of index value was stated. Outcomes of 8 years study indicate, decrease of oral hygiene, increase bleeding, decrease of Engelberger, Marthaler, Rateitchak index. It is necessary to perform routine check up of and control on oral hygiene. It seems to be important to mobilize patients to preserve high oral hygiene.