The complete sequence of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) mitochondrial genome and evolutionary patterns in vertebrate mitochondrial DNA.

We describe the complete sequence of the 16,596-nucleotide mitochondrial genome of the zebrafish (Danio rerio); contained are 13 protein genes, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and a noncoding control region. Codon usage in protein genes is generally biased toward the available tRNA species but also reflects strand-specific nucleotide frequencies. For 19 of the 20 amino acids, the most frequently used codon ends in either A or C, with A preferred over C for fourfold degenerate codons (the lone exception was AUG: methionine). We show that rates of sequence evolution vary nearly as much within vertebrate classes as between them, yet nucleotide and amino acid composition show directional evolutionary trends, including marked differences between mammals and all other taxa. Birds showed similar compositional characteristics to the other nonmammalian taxa, indicating that the evolutionary trend in mammals is not solely due to metabolic rate and thermoregulatory factors. Complete mitochondrial genomes provide a large character base for phylogenetic analysis and may provide for robust estimates of phylogeny. Phylogenetic analysis of zebrafish and 35 other taxa based on all protein-coding genes produced trees largely, but not completely, consistent with conventional views of vertebrate evolution. It appears that even with such a large number of nucleotide characters (11,592), limited taxon sampling can lead to problems associated with extensive evolution on long phyletic branches.

Perceived invulnerability and cigarette smoking among adolescents.

Adolescent perceptions of invulnerability toward smoking and nonsmoking-related health risks were examined among 442 continuation high school students. Smokers were less likely than nonsmokers to report feeling invulnerable to both smoking and nonsmoking-related health risks. Among the smokers, those who reported feeling invulnerable to smoking-related health risks, compared to those who reported feeling vulnerable, smoked fewer cigarettes, were less addicted, were less likely to intend to smoke more in the future, attempted to quit fewer times in the past, valued their health more, and reported higher public body awareness. In a multiple logistic regression model, only high public body awareness, fewer previous attempts to quit, and being in the action stage of change (compared to being in the precontemplation stage of change) remained significant independent concurrent predictors of being in the invulnerable group. These results suggest, contrary to some previous work, that perceived invulnerability may be predictive of quitting tobacco use and may reflect relative invulnerability; that is, lighter use of tobacco.