Protocolo Milani para técnica vista em tracionamento de caninos impactados / Milani protocol for vista technique in impacted canines traction

Resumo Ao longo do tempo, os caninos impactados sempre se apresentaram como um grande desafio para os ortodontistas. Sendo assim diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas são citadas na literatura, variando desde as mais invasivas até as mais conservadoras. O diagnóstico, planejamento cirúrgico e técnica de tracionamento fazem parte dos três principais pilares para se obter um bom prognóstico, quando se trata de tracionamento de caninos impactados. Dentre os procedimentos cirúrgicos encontrados na literatura, pode-se destacar a técnica VISTA, que apresenta uma característica menos invasiva dentre as técnicas de tracionamento de caninos impactos. (AU)

Abstract Over time, impacted canines have always been a great challenge for orthodontists. Therefore, different surgical techniques are mentioned in the literature, and these vary from the most invasive to the most conservative ones. The diagnosis, surgical planning and traction techniques are part of the three main pillars to obtain a good prognosis, when it comes to traction of impacted canines. Among the surgical procedures found in the literature, we can highlight the VISTA technique, which has a less invasive characteristic among the techniques of impacted canine traction. (AU)

Off-pump versus On-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Frail Patients: Study Protocol for the FRAGILE Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Advances in modern medicine have led to people living longer and healthier lives. Frailty is an emerging concept in medicine yet to be explored as a risk factor in cardiac surgery. When it comes to CABG surgery, randomized controlled clinical trials have primarily focused on low-risk (ROOBY, CORONARY), elevated-risk (GOPCABE) or high-risk patients (BBS), but not on frail patients. Therefore, we believe that off-pump CABG could be an important technique in patients with limited functional capacity to respond to surgical stress. In this study, the authors introduce the new national, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial "FRAGILE", to be developed in the main cardiac surgery centers of Brazil, to clarify the potential benefit of off-pump CABG in frail patients. METHODS: FRAGILE is a two-arm, parallel-group, multicentre, individually randomized (1:1) controlled trial which will enroll 630 patients with blinded outcome assessment (at 30 days, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years and 3 years), which aims to compare adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events after off-pump versus on-pump CABG in pre-frail and frail patients. Primary outcomes will be all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest with successful resuscitation, low cardiac output syndrome/cardiogenic shock, stroke, and coronary reintervention. Secondary outcomes will be major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, operative time, mechanical ventilation time, hyperdynamic shock, new onset of atrial fibrillation, renal replacement therapy, reoperation for bleeding, pneumonia, length of stay in intensive care unit, length of stay in hospital, number of units of blood transfused, graft patency, rate of complete revascularization, neurobehavioral outcomes after cardiac surgery, quality of life after cardiac surgery and costs. DISCUSSION: FRAGILE trial will determine whether off-pump CABG is superior to conventional on-pump CABG in the surgical treatment of pre-frail and frail patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02338947. Registered on August 29th 2014; last updated on March 21st 2016.

Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in frail patients: study protocol for the fragile multicenter randomized controlled trial

Abstract Introduction: Advances in modern medicine have led to people living longer and healthier lives. Frailty is an emerging concept in medicine yet to be explored as a risk factor in cardiac surgery. When it comes to CABG surgery, randomized controlled clinical trials have primarily focused on low-risk (ROOBY, CORONARY), elevated-risk (GOPCABE) or high-risk patients (BBS), but not on frail patients. Therefore, we believe that off-pump CABG could be an important technique in patients with limited functional capacity to respond to surgical stress. In this study, the authors introduce the new national, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial "FRAGILE", to be developed in the main cardiac surgery centers of Brazil, to clarify the potential benefit of off-pump CABG in frail patients. Methods: FRAGILE is a two-arm, parallel-group, multicentre, individually randomized (1:1) controlled trial which will enroll 630 patients with blinded outcome assessment (at 30 days, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years and 3 years), which aims to compare adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events after off-pump versus on-pump CABG in pre-frail and frail patients. Primary outcomes will be all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest with successful resuscitation, low cardiac output syndrome/cardiogenic shock, stroke, and coronary reintervention. Secondary outcomes will be major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, operative time, mechanical ventilation time, hyperdynamic shock, new onset of atrial fibrillation, renal replacement therapy, reoperation for bleeding, pneumonia, length of stay in intensive care unit, length of stay in hospital, number of units of blood transfused, graft patency, rate of complete revascularization, neurobehavioral outcomes after cardiac surgery, quality of life after cardiac surgery and costs. Discussion: FRAGILE trial will determine whether off-pump CABG is superior to conventional on-pump CABG in the surgical treatment of pre-frail and frail patients. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02338947. Registered on August 29th 2014; last updated on March 21st 2016.

Analysis of transit time flow of the right internal thoracic artery anastomosed to the left anterior descending artery compared to the left internal thoracic artery.

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated with transit time flow the performance of the right and left thoracic arteries when used as a graft for the left anterior descending artery. METHODS: Fifty patients undergoing surgery for myocardial revascularization without cardiopulmonary bypass were divided into two groups. In group A patients received graft of right internal mammary artery to the anterior interventricular branch. In group B patients received graft of left internal mammary artery to the same branch. At the end of the operation the flow was assessed by measuring transit time. RESULTS: In group A, mean age was 60.6 ± 9.49 years. The average height and weight of the group was 80.4 ± 10.32 kg and 169.2 ± 6.86 cm. The average number of grafts per patient in this group was 3.28 ± 1.49. The mean flow and distal resistance obtained in right internal thoracic artery was 42.1 ± 23.4 ml/min and 2.8 ± 0.9 respectively. In group B, the mean age was 59.8 ± 9.7 years. The average height and weight of this group was 77.7 ± 14.22 kg and 166.0 ± 8.2 cm. The average number of grafts per patient in this group was 3.08 ± 0.82. The mean flow and distal resistance observed in this group was 34.2 ± 19.1 ml/min and 2.0 ± 0.7. There were no deaths in this series. CONCLUSION: Right internal mammary artery presented a similar behavior to left internal mammary artery when anastomosed to the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery. There was no statistical difference between the measured flow obtained between both arteries.

Análise da medida de fluxo por tempo de trânsito da artéria torácica interna direita anastomosada para a artéria interventricular anterior comparada com a artéria torácica interna esquerda / Analysis of transit time flow of the right internal thoracic artery anastomosed to the left anterior descending artery compared to the left internal thoracic artery

Introdução: Avaliamos por meio da medida de fluxo por tempo de trânsito o desempenho das artérias torácicas direita e esquerda quando utilizadas como enxerto para revascularização da artéria interventricular anterior. Métodos: Cinquenta pacientes submetidos à operação para revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea foram divididos em dois grupos. No grupo A, os pacientes receberam enxerto de artéria torácica interna direita para o ramo interventricular anterior. No grupo B, os pacientes receberam enxerto de artéria torácica interna esquerda para o mesmo ramo. Ao término da operação, o fluxo foi avaliado por meio da medida de fluxo por tempo de trânsito. Resultados: No grupo A, idade média foi de 60,6±9,49 anos. A média de peso e altura do grupo foi de 80,4±10,32 Kg e 169,2±6,86 cm. A média de pontes por paciente neste grupo foi de 3,28±1,49. O fluxo médio e a resistência distal obtidos na artéria torácica interna direita foi de 42,1±23,4 ml/min e 2,8±0,9 respectivamente. No grupo B, a idade média foi de 59,8±9,7 anos. A média de peso e altura deste grupo foi de 77,7±14,2215,7 Kg e 166,0±8,2 cm. A média de pontes por paciente neste grupo foi de 3,08±0,82. O fluxo médio e a resistência distal observados neste grupo foi de 34,2±19,1ml⁄min e 2,0±0,7. Não houve óbitos nesta série. Conclusão: A artéria torácica interna direita apresentou um comportamento similar ao da artéria torácica interna esquerda quando anastomosada ao ramo interventricular anterior da coronária esquerda. Não houve diferença estatística entre a medida de fluxo obtida entre ambas as artérias. .

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated with transit time flow the performance of the right and left thoracic arteries when used as a graft for the left anterior descending artery. Methods: Fifty patients undergoing surgery for myocardial revascularization without cardiopulmonary bypass were divided into two groups. In group A patients received graft of right internal mammary artery to the anterior interventricular branch. In group B patients received graft of left internal mammary artery to the same branch. At the end of the operation the flow was assessed by measuring transit time. Results: In group A, mean age was 60.6±9.49 years. The average height and weight of the group was 80.4±10.32 kg and 169.2±6.86 cm. The average number of grafts per patient in this group was 3.28±1.49. The mean flow and distal resistance obtained in right internal thoracic artery was 42.1±23.4 ml/min and 2.8±0.9 respectively. In group B, the mean age was 59.8±9.7 years. The average height and weight of this group was 77.7±14.22 kg and 166.0±8.2 cm. The average number of grafts per patient in this group was 3.08 ±0.82. The mean flow and distal resistance observed in this group was 34.2±19.1 ml/min and 2.0±0.7. There were no deaths in this series. Conclusion: Right internal mammary artery presented a similar behavior to left internal mammary artery when anastomosed to the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery. There was no statistical difference between the measured flow obtained between both arteries. .

Minimally invasive redo mitral valve surgery without aortic crossclamp.

INTRODUCTION: Reoperations of the mitral valve have a higher rate of complications when compared with the first surgery. With the field of video-assisted techniques for the first surgery of mitral valve became routine, reoperation cases began to arouse interest for this less invasive procedures. OBJECTIVE: To assess the results and the technical difficulties in 10 patients undergoing minimally invasive redo mitral valve surgery. METHOD: Cardiopulmonary bypass was installed through a cannula placed in the femoral vessels and right internal jugular vein, conducted in 28 degrees of temperature in ventricular fibrillation. A right lateral thoracotomy with 5 to 6 cm in the third or fourth intercostal space was done, pericardium was displaced only at the point of atriotomy. The aorta was not clamped. RESULTS: Ten patients with mean age of 56.9 ± 10.5 years, four were in atrial fibrilation rhythm and six in sinusal. Average time between first operation and reoperations was 11 ± 3.43 years. The mean EuroSCORE group was 8.3 ± 1.82. The mean ventricular fibrillation and cardiopulmonary bypass was respectively 70.9 ± 17.66 min and 109.4 ± 25.37 min. The average length of stay was 7.6 ± 1.5 days. There were no deaths in this series. CONCLUSION: Mitral valve reoperation can be performed through less invasive techniques with good immediate results, low morbidity and mortality. However, this type of surgery requires a longer duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, especially in cases where the patient already has prosthesis. The presence of a minimal aortic insufficiency also makes this procedure technically more challenging.

Reoperação da valva mitral minimamente invasiva sem pinçamento da aorta / Minimally invasive redo mitral valve surgery without aortic crossclamp

INTRODUÇÃO: Reoperações da valva mitral apresentam maior índice de complicações quando comparadas com a primeira cirurgia. Com o domínio das técnicas videoassistidas para as primeiras cirurgias da valva mitral, os casos de reoperações passaram a despertar interesse para esses procedimentos menos invasivos. OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados e as dificuldades técnicas da retroca valvar mitral minimamente invasiva em 10 pacientes. MÉTODO: A circulação extracorpórea foi instalada por meio de colocação de cânulas femorais e cânula na veia jugular interna direita, conduzida em 28 graus de temperatura em fibrilação ventricular. Realizada toracotomia lateral direita com 5 a 6 cm no terceiro ou quarto espaço intercostal. Pericárdio foi descolado apenas na região do átrio esquerdo no ponto da atriotomia. A aorta não foi pinçada. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 10 pacientes com idade média de 56,9±10,5 anos. Quatro encontravam-se em ritmo de fibrilação atrial e 6 em ritmo sinusal. O tempo médio entre a primeira operação e a reoperações foi de 11 ± 3,43 anos. O EuroSCORE médio do grupo foi de 8,3 ± 1,82. O tempo médio de fibrilação ventricular e de circulação extracorpórea foi respectivamente 70,9 ± 17,66 min e 109,4 ± 25,37 min. O tempo médio de internamento foi de 7,6 ± 1,5 dias. Não houve óbitos nessa série. CONCLUSÃO: A reoperação da valva mitral pode ser feita por meio de técnicas menos invasivas com bons resultados imediatos e baixa morbimortalidade. Entretanto, esse tipo de cirurgia requer maior tempo de circulação extracorpórea, especialmente nos casos em que o paciente já tenha uma prótese. A presença de uma mínima insuficiência aórtica também torna esse procedimento tecnicamente mais desafiador.

INTRODUCTION: Reoperations of the mitral valve have a higher rate of complications when compared with the first surgery. With the field of video-assisted techniques for the first surgery of mitral valve became routine, reoperation cases began to arouse interest for this less invasive procedures. OBJECTIVE: To assess the results and the technical difficulties in 10 patients undergoing minimally invasive redo mitral valve surgery. METHOD: Cardiopulmonary bypass was installed through a cannula placed in the femoral vessels and right internal jugular vein, conducted in 28 degrees of temperature in ventricular fibrillation. A right lateral thoracotomy with 5 to 6 cm in the third or fourth intercostal space was done, pericardium was displaced only at the point of atriotomy. The aorta was not clamped. RESULTS: Ten patients with mean age of 56.9 ± 10.5 years, four were in atrial fibrilation rhythm and six in sinusal. Average time between first operation and reoperations was 11 ± 3.43 years. The mean EuroSCORE group was 8.3 ± 1.82. The mean ventricular fibrillation and cardiopulmonary bypass was respectively 70.9 ± 17.66 min and 109.4 ± 25.37 min. The average length of stay was 7.6 ± 1.5 days. There were no deaths in this series. CONCLUSION: Mitral valve reoperation can be performed through less invasive techniques with good immediate results, low morbidity and mortality. However, this type of surgery requires a longer duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, especially in cases where the patient already has prosthesis. The presence of a minimal aortic insufficiency also makes this procedure technically more challenging.

Revascularização do miocárdio minimamente invasiva videoassistida / Minimally-invasive video-assisted coronary-artery bypass grafting

FUNDAMENTO: De um modo geral, as operações estão cada vez menos invasivas e a cirurgia cardíaca começa a seguir por este caminho. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução de cem pacientes submetidos à operação de revascularização do miocárdio minimamente invasiva. MÉTODOS: O acesso ao coração deu-se através de pequena toracotomia lateral no 4º espaço intercostal esquerdo, com 6 cm, iniciando-se ao nível do mamilo. Pelo mesmo espaço intercostal, 3 cm após o término da incisão principal, foi inserida ótica de 6,5 mm com 30º. Nos casos em que a veia safena foi utilizada, o pericárdio foi aberto em cima da aorta e, com uma pressão sistólica de 80 mmhg, foi pinçada parcialmente, sendo a anastomose proximal feita de maneira convencional. As anastomoses distais foram feitas de modo convencional. O procedimento foi realizado sem circulação extracorporal (CEC) com auxílio de ventilação monopulmonar. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 63,9 ± 10,66 anos. Sessenta e oito (68%) eram do sexo masculino. Cinquenta e três (53%) encontravam-se em classe funcional III ou IV. A função do ventrículo esquerdo era normal em cinquenta e três (53%) pacientes. Quarenta e dois (42%) haviam sido submetidos à angioplastia prévia. Foram realizadas 153 anastomoses distais, variando de 1 a 3. O tempo médio de ventilação foi de 4,06 ± 4,08 horas. Dezessete (17%) pacientes apresentaram fibrilação atrial e oito (8%) pneumonias. Houve dois óbitos nesta série. CONCLUSÃO: A revascularização mostrou-se segura, com baixa mortalidade e morbidade. Com novos dispositivos, essa operação poderá ter uma aplicabilidade maior.

BACKGROUND: In general, surgeries currently tend to be less invasive and cardiac surgery has started to follow this trend. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the evolution of one hundred patients undergoing minimally-invasive coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Access to the heart was attained through a small; 6-cm thoracotomy, located in the 4th left intercostal space, starting at the nipple. Through the same intercostal space, 3 cm after the primary incision, a 6.5-mm optical device was inserted at 30º. Where the saphenous vein was used, the pericardium was opened above the aorta and the latter was partially clamped with a systolic pressure of 80 mmHg, with the proximal anastomosis being carried out in the conventional manner. The distal anastomoses were carried out in the conventional manner. The procedure was performed off-pump using single lung ventilation. RESULTS: The mean age was 63.9 ± 10.66 years. Sixty-eight (68%) patients were males. Fifty-three (53%) were in functional class III or IV. Left ventricular function was normal in fifty-three (53%) patients. Forty-two (42%) had undergone previous angioplasty. A total of 153 anastomoses were performed, ranging from 1 to 3. The average ventilation time was 4.06 ± 4.08 hours. Seventeen (17%) patients had atrial fibrillation and eight (8%) had pneumonia. There were two deaths in this series. CONCLUSION: Revascularization was safe with low mortality and morbidity. With the advent of new devices, this surgery may have a greater applicability.

Minimally-invasive video-assisted coronary-artery bypass grafting.

BACKGROUND: In general, surgeries currently tend to be less invasive and cardiac surgery has started to follow this trend. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the evolution of one hundred patients undergoing minimally-invasive coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Access to the heart was attained through a small; 6-cm thoracotomy, located in the 4th left intercostal space, starting at the nipple. Through the same intercostal space, 3 cm after the primary incision, a 6.5-mm optical device was inserted at 30º. Where the saphenous vein was used, the pericardium was opened above the aorta and the latter was partially clamped with a systolic pressure of 80 mmHg, with the proximal anastomosis being carried out in the conventional manner. The distal anastomoses were carried out in the conventional manner. The procedure was performed off-pump using single lung ventilation. RESULTS: The mean age was 63.9 ± 10.66 years. Sixty-eight (68%) patients were males. Fifty-three (53%) were in functional class III or IV. Left ventricular function was normal in fifty-three (53%) patients. Forty-two (42%) had undergone previous angioplasty. A total of 153 anastomoses were performed, ranging from 1 to 3. The average ventilation time was 4.06 ± 4.08 hours. Seventeen (17%) patients had atrial fibrillation and eight (8%) had pneumonia. There were two deaths in this series. CONCLUSION: Revascularization was safe with low mortality and morbidity. With the advent of new devices, this surgery may have a greater applicability.

Double skeletonized internal thoracic artery vs. double conventional internal thoracic artery in diabetic patients submitted to OPCAB.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the technique used in the dissection of thoracic arteries in the evolution of diabetic patients submitted to OPCAB. METHODS: Seventy diabetic patients submitted to OPCAB using bilateral thoracic arteries were evaluated. In Group A, thoracic arteries were dissected as a pedicle, while in Group B they were skeletonized. RESULTS: The mean age of patients in Group A was 52.14 +/- 7.35 years old versus 55.71 +/- 8.1 years for Group B (p=0.057). In Group A, six patients (17.1%) were insulin dependent against nine (25.7%) in Group B (p = 0.561). The EUROSCORE was 3.97 +/- 2.49 for Group A opposed to 4.14 +/- 3.06 for Group B (p = 0.879). The number of distal anastomoses in Group A was 3 +/- 0.77 versus 3.03 +/- 0.89 in Group B (p = 0.981). Three patients (8.57%) from Group A presented with mediastinitis. Insulin dependence was the only significant risk factor (p=0.008) for mediastinitis. In this group the use of skeletonized internal thoracic arteries significantly decreased the incidence of mediastinitis (p = 0.044). CONCLUSION: The incidence of mediastinitis was lower in the group for which mammary arteries were dissected using skeletonization. Among insulin-dependent diabetics, 50% of the patients from the group in which the pedicled internal thoracic artery was utilized presented with mediastinitis; the utilization of skeletonized internal thoracic arteries significantly decreases the incidence of mediastinitis.

Dupla artéria torácica esqueletizada versus convencional na revascularização do miocárdio sem CEC em diabéticos / Double skeletonized internal thoracic artery vs. double conventional internal thoracic artery in diabetic patients submitted to OPCAB

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da técnica utilizada na dissecção das artérias torácicas na evolução de pacientes diabéticos submetidos a revascularização sem CEC. MÉTODOS: Setenta pacientes diabéticos submetidos a revascularização sem CEC com duas artérias torácicas foram avaliados. No grupo A, as artérias torácicas foram dissecadas de modo convencional, enquanto no grupo B foram esqueletizadas. RESULTADOS: A idade média do grupo A foi de 52,14±7,35 anos contra 55,71±8,1 anos no grupo B (p=0,057). No grupo A, seis (17,1%) pacientes eram diabéticos insulinodependentes contra nove (25,7%) no grupo B (p=0,561). O EUROSCORE foi de 3,97±2,49 para o grupo A contra 4,14±3,06 no grupo B (p=0,879). O número médio de anastomoses distais no grupo A foi de 3±0,77 contra 3,03±0,89 para o grupo B (p=0,981). Três (8,57%) dos pacientes do grupo A apresentaram mediastinite contra nenhum do grupo B (p=0,239). A diabetes insulino-dependente foi o único fator estatisticamente significativo (p=0,008) para mediastinite. Neste grupo, a utilização de artéria torácica interna esqueletizada diminuiu significativamente a incidência de mediastinite (p=0,044). CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de mediastinite foi menor no grupo onde ambas as artérias torácicas foram dissecadas de forma esqueletizada, apesar de, devido ao baixo número de casos, não apresentar diferença estatística. Nos portadores de diabetes insulino-dependente, 50 por cento dos pacientes do grupo em que a artéria torácica foi obtida de forma convencional apresentaram mediastinite, sendo que a utilização de artéria torácica esqueletizada diminuiu significativamente a incidência de mediastinite.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the technique used in the dissection of thoracic arteries in the evolution of diabetic patients submitted to OPCAB. METHODS: Seventy diabetic patients submitted to OPCAB using bilateral thoracic arteries were evaluated. In Group A, thoracic arteries were dissected as a pedicle, while in Group B they were skeletonized. RESULTS: The mean age of patients in Group A was 52.14 ± 7.35 years old versus 55.71 ± 8.1 years for Group B (p=0.057). In Group A, six patients (17.1%) were insulin dependent against nine (25.7%) in Group B (p = 0.561). The EUROSCORE was 3.97 ± 2.49 for Group A opposed to 4.14 ± 3.06 for Group B (p = 0.879). The number of distal anastomoses in Group A was 3 ± 0.77 versus 3.03 ± 0.89 in Group B (p = 0.981). Three patients (8.57%) from Group A presented with mediastinitis. Insulin dependence was the only significant risk factor (p=0.008) for mediastinitis. In this group the use of skeletonized internal thoracic arteries significantly decreased the incidence of mediastinitis (p = 0.044). Conclusion: The incidence of mediastinitis was lower in the group for which mammary arteries were dissected using skeletonization. Among insulin-dependent diabetics, 50 percent of the patients from the group in which the pedicled internal thoracic artery was utilized presented with mediastinitis; the utilization of skeletonized internal thoracic arteries significantly decreases the incidence of mediastinitis.

Influence of external temporary biatrial pacing on the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass without extracorporeal circulation.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation is the most common complication after myocardial revascularization, and it increases morbidity/mortality. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this prospective randomized study was to test the hypothesis that temporary biatrial pacing is effective in reducing the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascularization. METHODS: Ninety-eight non-consecutive patients who had undergone off-pump myocardial revascularization received two temporary electrodes attached to the right and left atria, which were connected to either pair of atrial pacemaker electrodes, in addition to the leads implanted in the right ventricle. Two groups of patients were randomized (control: 49 patients with no biatrial pacing; therapeutic: 49 patients with biatrial pacing). The variables of interest were atrial fibrillation (present or absent) and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: The incidence of atrial fibrillation was 36.73% in the control group and 14.29% in the therapeutic group (p=0.0194). Length of hospital stay was 7.00 +/- 2.82 days for patients with no atrial fibrillation (n=73) and 9.20 +/- 2.87 days for patients with atrial fibrillation (n=25) (p=0.0001). Age was an important predictor of arrhythmia and ranged between 62.34 +/- 9.00 years in the group with no atrial fibrillation and 67.20 +/- 7.42 years in the group with atrial fibrillation (p=0.0170). CONCLUSION: Compared to controls, prophylactic temporary biatrial pacing is effective in preventing atrial fibrillation. Hospital stay was longer for patients who developed postoperative atrial fibrillation, and age was an important predictor for the development of arrhythmia.

Influência da estimulação biatrial temporária externa na prevenção da fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório de revascularização miocárdica sem circulação extracorpórea / Influence of external temporary biatrial pacing on the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass without extracorporeal circulation

FUNDAMENTO: A fibrilação atrial é a mais comum complicação no pós-operatório de revascularização miocárdica, aumentando a incidência de morbi-mortalidade. OBJETIVO: O propósito deste estudo prospectivo e randomizado foi testar a hipótese de que a estimulação cardíaca temporária biatrial reduz a incidência da fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório de revascularização miocárdica. MÉTODOS: Em uma casuística de 98 pacientes não-consecutivos, submetidos a revascularização miocárdica sem circulação extracorpórea, foram implantados respectivamente dois eletrodos temporários em átrio direito e em átrio esquerdo e conectados a cada par de saída atrial do marcapasso, além dos eletrodos implantados no ventrículo direito. Foram randomizados dois grupos (controle: 49 pacientes sem a estimulação biatrial; terapêutico: 49 pacientes com a estimulação biatrial). As variáveis de interesse foram: fibrilação atrial (presença ou não), tempo de hospitalização. RESULTADOS: A incidência de fibrilação atrial foi de 36,73 por cento no grupo controle e 14,29 por cento no grupo terapêutico (p=0,0194). O tempo de hospitalização foi de 7,00±2,82 dias nos pacientes sem fibrilação atrial (n=73), e de 9,20±2,87 dias nos pacientes com fibrilação atrial (n=25) (p=0,0001). A idade foi importante preditor da arritmia, variou de 62,34±9,00 anos no grupo sem fibrilação atrial, e de 67,20±7,42 anos no grupo com fibrilação atrial (p=0,0170). CONCLUSÃO: A estimulação temporária biatrial profilática é efetiva na prevenção da fibrilação atrial, quando comparada ao grupo controle. Permanência hospitalar foi maior nos pacientes que apresentaram fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório e a idade foi importante preditor para o desenvolvimento da arritmia.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation is the most common complication after myocardial revascularization, and it increases morbidity/mortality. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this prospective randomized study was to test the hypothesis that temporary biatrial pacing is effective in reducing the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascularization. METHODS: Ninety-eight non-consecutive patients who had undergone off-pump myocardial revascularization received two temporary electrodes attached to the right and left atria, which were connected to either pair of atrial pacemaker electrodes, in addition to the leads implanted in the right ventricle. Two groups of patients were randomized (control: 49 patients with no biatrial pacing; therapeutic: 49 patients with biatrial pacing). The variables of interest were atrial fibrillation (present or absent) and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: The incidence of atrial fibrillation was 36.73 percent in the control group and 14.29 percent in the therapeutic group (p=0.0194). Length of hospital stay was 7.00 ± 2.82 days for patients with no atrial fibrillation (n=73) and 9.20 ± 2.87 days for patients with atrial fibrillation (n=25) (p=0.0001). Age was an important predictor of arrhythmia and ranged between 62.34 ± 9.00 years in the group with no atrial fibrillation and 67.20 ± 7.42 years in the group with atrial fibrillation (p=0.0170). CONCLUSION: Compared to controls, prophylactic temporary biatrial pacing is effective in preventing atrial fibrillation. Hospital stay was longer for patients who developed postoperative atrial fibrillation, and age was an important predictor for the development of arrhythmia.

Analysis of the immediate outcomes of a comparative randomized study between aorto-saphenous mechanical anastomosis versus conventional anastomosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the immediate results of mechanical aorto-saphenous anastomosis compared with conventional anastomosis. METHOD: We evaluated 12 patients. The mean age ranged from 62.33 +/- 7.30 years. Of 12 patients submitted to surgery without extracorporeal circulation, 10 (83.3%) patients were male. Thirty-three proximal anastomoses were evaluated, 21 of them being performed through the conventional manner and 12 with the St. Jude Symmetry aortic connector. The time spent on anastomosis, and free flow and patency on the 4th day postoperative were analysed. RESULTS: The mechanical anastomosis was successfully performed in all patients. Electrocardiographic alteration compatible with myocardial infarctation (MI) on the 2nd day postoperative was observed only in one patient. The patient was referred to angiographic restudy, becoming evident a conventional proximal anastomosis occlusion for the marginal branch. Three patients had atrial fibrillation. The average time spent to perform the mechanical anastomosis was 44.08 +/- 9.26 seconds against 3.86 +/- 0.61 minutes of the conventional anastomosis (p = 0.0022). The average blood free flow observed in the mechanical anastomosis was 302.75 +/- 82.76 mL/min versus 190.75 +/- 51.53 mL/min (p = 0.0022). In the angiographic restudy performed on the 4th postoperative day, it was detected the occlusin of three mechanical anastomosis. There was no new conventional anastomosis (p = 0.2500). CONCLUSION: The present study showed a statistically significant superiority for mechanical anastomosis of the saphenous vein with the aorta when evaluated the blood free flow and the time to perform the anastomosis. In relation to the artery condition in the postoperative angiography, one cannot say there was statistically significant difference between the procedures studied.

OPCAB in patients on hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the hospital outcomes of patients, with chronic renal insufficiency in the hemodialysis, submitted to OPCAB. METHOD: Fifty-one patients with chronic renal insufficiency were submitted to OPCAB. Hemodialysis was performed on the day before and the day after the operation. Myocardial revascularization was performed using LIMA's suture and suction stabilization. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients, with an average of 61.28+/-11.09 years, were analyzed. Thirty patients (58.8%) were female. The predominant functional class was IV in 21 (41.1%) of the patients. The left ventricle ejection fraction was dire in 21 (41.1%) patients. The mean EUROSCORE of this series was 7.65+/-3.83 and the mean number of distal anastomosis was 3.1+/-0.78 per patient. The average time of mechanical ventilation was 3.78+/-4.35 hours and the mean ICU stay was 41.9+/-13.8 hours, while the average hospitalization was 6.5+/-1.31 days. In respect to complications, nine (17.6%) of the patients developed atrial fibrilation, and one (1.9%) patient presented with a case of ischemic stroke but had a good recovery during hospitalization. There were no deaths in this series. CONCLUSION: Chronic renal patients submitted to hemodialysis were always a high risk population for myocardial revascularization. In this series, the absence of extracorporeal circulation appeared to be safe and efficient in this special subgroup of patients. The operations were performed with low indices of complications, absence of deaths and relatively low stays in the ICU and in hospital.

Off-pump total myocardial revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: To assess off-pump myocardial revascularization in patients with significant left ventricular dysfunction. METHODS: Four hundred and five patients with an ejection fraction less than 35% underwent myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation. The procedure was performed with the aid of a suction stabilizer and the LIMA stitch. The distal anastomoses were performed first. RESULTS: A total of 405 patients were evaluated whose mean age was 63.4 +/- 9.78 years. Two hundred and seventy-nine patients were men (68.8%). With regard to risk factors, 347 patients were hypertensive, 194 were smokers, 202 were dyslipidemic, and 134 had diabetes. Two hundred and sixty patients were classified as NYHA functional class III and IV. Twenty patients suffered from chronic renal disease and were under dialysis. Fifty-one underwent emergency surgery, and 33 had been previously operated on. The mean ejection fraction was 27.2 +/- 3.54%. The mean EuroSCORE was 8.46 +/- 4.41. The mean number of anastomoses performed was 3.03 +/- 1.54 per patient. Forty-nine patients (12%) needed an intra-aortic balloon inserted after induction of anesthesia, whereas 73 (18%) needed inotropic support during the perioperative period. As to complications, 2 patients (0.49%) had renal failure, 2 had mediastinitis (0.49%), 7 (1.7%) needed to be reoperated because of bleeding, 5 patients (1.2%) suffered acute myocardial infarction, and 70 patients (17.3%) experienced atrial fibrillation. Eighteen (4.4%) patients died. CONCLUSION: Based on the data above, we concluded that myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction is a safe and effective technique, and an alternative for high-risk patients. Results obtained were better than those predicted by EuroSCORE.

Análise dos resultados imediatos de estudo comparativo entre anastomose mecânica aorto-safena versus convencional / Analysis of the immediate outcomes of a comparative randomized study between aorto-saphenous mechanical anastomosis versus conventional anastomosis

Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados imediatos das anastomoses mecânicas aorto-safena, comparando-as às anastomoses convencionais. Método: Foram analisados 12 pacientes, com idade média...

Revascularização total do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea em pacientes com disfunção ventricular esquerda / Off-pump total myocardial revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a operação para revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea (CEC) em pacientes com importante disfunção ventricular esquerda. MÉTODOS: Foram submetidos a operação para revascularização do miocárdio sem CEC, 405 pacientes com fração de ejeção (FE) abaixo de 35 por cento. A operação foi realizada com auxílio de estabilizador por sucção e ponto de LIMA. As anastomoses distais foram feitas primeiro. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 405 pacientes com idade média de 63,4±9,78 anos, sendo 279 do sexo masculino (68,8 por cento). Quanto a fatores de risco, 347 eram hipertensos, 194 tabagistas, 202 dislipidêmicos e 134 diabéticos. Encontravam-se em classe funcional III e IV 260 pacientes. Eram renais crônicos 20 pacientes, em programa de diálise. Foram operados em caráter de emergência 51 pacientes, e 33 já apresentavam operação prévia. A FE média foi de 27,2±3,54 por cento. O EUROSCORE médio foi de 8,46±4,41. O número médio de anastomoses foi 3,03±1,54 por paciente. Necessitaram de balão intraórtico após a indução anestésica 49 pacientes (12 por cento), e 73 (18 por cento) necessitaram de suporte inotrópico no período transoperatório. Quanto a complicações, 2 (0,49 por cento) apresentaram insuficiência renal, 2 apresentaram mediastinite (0,49 por cento), 7 (1,7 por cento) necessitaram de reoperação por sangramento, 5 (1,2 por cento) apresentaram infarto agudo do miocárdio e 70 (17,3 por cento) apresentaram fibrilação atrial. Houve 18 óbitos (4,4 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: Com base nesses dados, concluímos que a operação para revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea em pacientes com disfunção ventricular esquerda é segura e eficaz, sendo uma alternativa para pacientes de alto risco. Os resultados obtidos foram superiores ao previsto pelo EUROSCORE.

OBJECTIVE: To assess off-pump myocardial revascularization in patients with significant left ventricular dysfunction. METHODS: Four hundred and five patients with an ejection fraction less than 35 percent underwent myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation. The procedure was performed with the aid of a suction stabilizer and the LIMA stitch. The distal anastomoses were performed first. RESULTS: A total of 405 patients were evaluated whose mean age was 63.4±9.78 years. Two hundred and seventy-nine patients were men (68.8 percent). With regard to risk factors, 347 patients were hypertensive, 194 were smokers, 202 were dyslipidemic, and 134 had diabetes. Two hundred and sixty patients were classified as NYHA functional class III and IV. Twenty patients suffered from chronic renal disease and were under dialysis. Fifty-one underwent emergency surgery, and 33 had been previously operated on. The mean ejection fraction was 27.2±3.54 percent. The mean EuroSCORE was 8.46±4.41. The mean number of anastomoses performed was 3.03±1.54 per patient. Forty-nine patients (12 percent) needed an intra-aortic balloon inserted after induction of anesthesia, whereas 73 (18 percent) needed inotropic support during the perioperative period. As to complications, 2 patients (0.49 percent) had renal failure, 2 had mediastinitis (0.49 percent), 7 (1.7 percent) needed to be reoperated because of bleeding, 5 patients (1.2 percent) suffered acute myocardial infarction, and 70 patients (17.3 percent) experienced atrial fibrillation. Eighteen (4.4 percent) patients died. CONCLUSION: Based on the data above, we concluded that myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction is a safe and effective technique, and an alternative for high-risk patients. Results obtained were better than those predicted by EuroSCORE.

Revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise / OPCAB in patients on hemodialysis

OBJETIVO: Analisar evolução hospitalar dos pacientes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) em hemodiálise, submetidos a operação sem circulação extracorpórea (CEC). MÉTODO: Cinqüenta e um pacientes portadores de IRC foram submetidos à operação sem CEC. A hemodiálise foi realizada no dia anterior à operação e no dia seguinte. A revascularização do miocárdio foi realizada com ponto de LIMA e estabilizador por sucção. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 61,28±11,09 anos e 31 (58,8 por cento) pacientes eram do sexo feminino. A classe funcional predominante foi a IV em 21 (41,1 por cento) dos pacientes. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo era ruim em 21 (41,1 por cento) pacientes. O EUROSCORE médio desta série de pacientes foi de 7,65±3,83. O número médio de artérias coronárias revascularizadas foi de 3,1±0,78 por paciente. O tempo médio de ventilação mecânica foi de 3,78±4,35 horas. A permanência média na CTI foi de 41,9±13,8 horas, enquanto a média de permanência hospitalar foi de 6,5±1,31 dias. Quanto às complicações, nove (17,6 por cento) pacientes desenvolveram FA e um (1,9 por cento) apresentou quadro de AVC isquêmico, com boa recuperação durante a internação. Não houve óbito nesta série. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes renais crônicos submetidos à hemodiálise sempre foram uma população de alto risco para revascularização do miocárdio. A ausência de CEC, aparentemente, cursa com baixos índices de morbi-mortalidade nesta população.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the hospital outcomes of patients, with chronic renal insufficiency in the hemodialysis, submitted to OPCAB. METHOD: Fifty-one patients with chronic renal insufficiency were submitted to OPCAB. Hemodialysis was performed on the day before and the day after the operation. Myocardial revascularization was performed using LIMA's suture and suction stabilization. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients, with an averageof 61.28±11.09 years, were analyzed. Thirty patients (58.8 percent) were female. The predominant functional class was IV in 21 (41.1 percent) of the patients. The left ventricle ejection fraction was dire in 21 (41.1 percent) patients. The mean EUROSCORE of this series was 7.65±3.83 and the mean number of distal anastomosis was 3.1±0.78 per patient. The average time of mechanical ventilation was 3.78±4.35 hours and the mean ICU stay was 41.9±13.8 hours, while the average hospitalization was 6.5±1.31 days. In respect to complications, nine (17.6 percent) of the patients developed atrial fibrilation, and one (1.9 percent) patient presented with a case of ischemic stroke but had a good recovery during hospitalization. There were no deaths in this series. CONCLUSION: Chronic renal patients submitted to hemodialysis were always a high risk population for myocardial revascularization. In this series, the absence of extracorporeal circulation appeared to be safe and efficient in this special subgroup of patients. The operations were performed with low indices of complications, absence of deaths and relatively low stays in the ICU and in hospital.