Ancient genomes provide insights into family structure and the heredity of social status in the early Bronze Age of southeastern Europe.

Twenty-four palaeogenomes from Mokrin, a major Early Bronze Age necropolis in southeastern Europe, were sequenced to analyse kinship between individuals and to better understand prehistoric social organization. 15 investigated individuals were involved in genetic relationships of varying degrees. The Mokrin sample resembles a genetically unstructured population, suggesting that the community's social hierarchies were not accompanied by strict marriage barriers. We find evidence for female exogamy but no indications for strict patrilocality. Individual status differences at Mokrin, as indicated by grave goods, support the inference that females could inherit status, but could not transmit status to all their sons. We further show that sons had the possibility to acquire status during their lifetimes, but not necessarily to inherit it. Taken together, these findings suggest that Southeastern Europe in the Early Bronze Age had a significantly different family and social structure than Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age societies of Central Europe.

[Effect of prolactin on the regulation of osmotic processes across the fetoplacental membranes in vitro]. / Uticaj prolaktina na regulaciju osmotskih procesa kroz fetoplacentarnu membranu in vitro.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this investigation was to point to the influence of minerals and total osmolality on regulation and secretion of prolactin in decidual tissue of the placenta and the role of prolactin in regulation of osmotic processes across the fetoplacental membrane. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Explants for the tissue culture have been obtained from pregnant women with normal pregnancy and delivery, between the 277 and 282 days of gestation. The investigation consisted of 4 repeated experiments. The parietal decidua and the corresponding chorion were separated from the amnion, rinsed in salt solution and cut into explants 0.2 g of weight. After a 2-hour period of preincubation in the control medium, 12 explants were incubated in the media of altered mineral and osmotic properties, whereas the 13-th in the control medium. Concentrations of prolactin following the 3-hour incubation in the medium was estimated by immunoenzymologic procedures. RESULTS: During the 3-hour incubation, the control explants secreted on average 75.4 +/- 5.23 micrograms/l of prolactin in the experiment repeated 4 times. The changes of Na+, Cl-, K+, Mg++, P- and HCO3- concentrations and of the total osmolality have not significantly influenced the synthesis of prolactin. In the medium with no Ca++, the value of secreted prolactin was 26.7 +/- 3.34 micrograms/l (p < 0.001); increase of the Ca++ concentration has not influenced the synthesis of prolactin. In the medium with increased concentration of H+ (pH = 7.00), the prolactin concentration was 50.9 +/- 2.9 micrograms/l (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The minerals--Na+, Cl-, K+, Mg++, P-, HCO3- and the total osmolality do not significantly influence the synthesis of prolactin in decidual-chorionic tissue. Certain quantities of Ca++ and optimal concentration of H+ are necessary for the synthesis of prolactin (PRL).

[Effect of non-medical factors on drug utilization in perinatal hospital practice]. / Uticaj nemedicinskih faktora na upotrebu lekova u perinatoloskoj bolnickoj praksi.

INTRODUCTION: Beside medical, nonmedical factors also influence the quantity and structure of administered drugs. Therefore, it is of importance to analyze these factors and their influence on drug consumption in perinatological hospital practice. The aim of this study was to analyze pharmacotherapeutic practice as well as the influence of nonmedical factors on drug use at the Institute of Perinatology of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Novi Sad. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was of retrospective-prospective character. Analyses comprised drug consumption for the period 1989 and the first 6 months of 1993 and 1994 analyzing data obtained from the hospital pharmacy. Due to lack of drug supply in the hospital pharmacy and domestic market, a sample of 10% patient's histories were taken for analysis in order to compare the above data for the same time interval. All drugs were classified according to the unique ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical) classification, where the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) was taken as the drug use statistical unit. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: According to the data from the hospital pharmacy, the total drug consumption in 1989 was 7301,85 DDD/BD and in 1993 and 1994 it was significantly decreased (1993--5135,80 DDD/1000 BD vs. 1994--2095,90 DDD/1000 BD). Majority of drugs for all the investigated periods were administered for the group G (urogenital system and sex hormones) out of which most often used drugs were G02A (drugs for stimulation of uterine contractions). According to the patients' history data, drug use was significantly increased in 1993--6322,22 DDD/1000 BD and 1994--3340,01 DDD/1000 BD. The only exception was group A (alimentary tract and metabolism) in which, according to history data, drugs were significantly less frequently prescribed than supplied. The greatest difference in the quantity of prescribed drugs (patients' history data) and the drugs issued from the hospital pharmacy was recorded in the group C (cardiovascular system), G (urogenital system and sex hormones) and H (hormones for systemic use with sex hormones excluded). Prescription of drugs from the groups C and H respectively, according to history data was most probably justified, but a question is raised concerning high rate of drug prescription in group G.

[Postpartum anemia--incidence and etiology]. / Postpartalne anemije--incidenca i etiologija.

INTRODUCTION: Anemia is the most common puerperal complication which increases the risk of maternal morbidity in postpartal period with incidence of up to 56% of women. In 90% cases the etiology of postpartal anemia is decreased serum iron level. Postpartal hemorrhage (loss of blood more than 0.5 L during labor) is the cause of anemia in 5-10% of women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective study included 4009 postpartal women with normal pregnancy and delivery who gave birth during the year 1997 at our Department. There were 3305 women with vaginal delivery and 704 women who had cesarean section. Anemia was diagnosed when the hemoglobin serum concentrations were less than 100 g/L (6.21 mmol/L) and hematocrit less than 0.31. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Although about three quarters of pregnant women had 8 and more obstetrical controls and 3 and more ultrasound examinations during pregnancy, only half of them had blood count control 3 or more times. Blood count was checked 3 or more times during pregnancy in 54.98% women and 32.9% of all women took iron medication during pregnancy but no longer than 12 weeks. Before pregnancy 0.6% of women had anemia, and after the delivery that number increased to 25.41% with no significant differences between those who had vaginal delivery and those with cesarean section. The incidence of newborns with anemia was 5.11% in both groups. These results show that anemia of mother has no influence on anemia of the newborn who has its own mechanisms of compensation. The etiology of puerperal anemia was in 79.18% women caused by low serum iron levels with no differences between both groups, but infection caused anemia was more frequent in women with cesarean section (11.8%) than in women with vaginal delivery (0.36%). CONCLUSION: Although one third of pregnant women take iron medication during pregnancy, every third woman has anemia after delivery, both vaginal delivery and cesarean section. Women who had cesarean section had anemia more frequently caused by infection. Anemia is 5 times more frequent in the mother than in her newborn. Prophylactic iron medications during pregnancy are not recommended, but more frequent control of blood count during pregnancy is required, as well as adequate therapy of anemia.

Incidence of cerebral dysfunction as a parameter for decision making in the management of preterm labor.

The study presents a retrospective analysis of the data on pregnancy, delivery and cerebral dysfunction in 296 premature infants of singleton pregnancies, body weight > 1000 g, delivered at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Novi Sad during 1997. Preterm newborns are exposed to a high risk of perinatal pathology, with 66.55% newborns from pathological course of pregnancy. Vaginal delivery--vertex presentation was registered in 69.93%, breech presentation in 6.41% and cesarean section in 23.65%. The preterm children have lower Apgar Scores and umbilical artery Ph values than term children. Cerebral dysfunction was diagnosed in 32.09%, whereas the incidence is inversely proportionate to gestational age and body weight at birth. The mode of delivery does not significantly affect cerebral dysfunction (p < 0.05) which means that intrapartal trauma is not a frequent cause of cerebral distress of preterm newborns. The labor occurring before the 34th gestational week can be performed vaginally if the fetus is either in vertex or complete breech presentation, if the course of labor is regular and cardiotocography findings within physiologic values.

Induction of labor by endocervical application of prostaglandins and intravenous infusion of oxytocin in postterm pregnancy.

The study compares two contemporary modes of labor induction: intravenous application of Syntocinon and endocervical application of prostaglandins and examines their efficacy and safety. Ninety women were divided according to the degree of cervical maturation (shown by Bishop score) into two groups. In group I there were 60 women with unripe cervix (Bishop score < or = 5) and induction was performed by endocervical application of 0.5 mg Dinoprostone, and in group II there were 30 women with ripe cervix (Bishop score < or = 6) in which the induction was performed by intravenous application of Syntocinon (500 ml of 5% glycose with 10 iu of Syntocinon). After three hours the initially significantly different Bishop score values were equalized and it was possible to correlate the duration of the labor (Group I 545 min, Group II 338 min). The correlation of initial Bishop score values and the total duration of the labor was negative and high in both groups. All the neonates from both groups were in good condition and no serious complication was noted. Both methods of labor induction appear similarly effective and safe both for the fetus and the mother.

[Premature rupture of the fetal membranes--an active or expectant approach in management of this obstetrical problem]. / Rano prsnuce plodovih ovojaka--aktivni ili ekspektativni pristup resavanju opstetrickog problema.

INTRODUCTION: A prospective investigation and comparative analysis of clinical and microbiological results have been performed as to point to some facts of possible significance in solving the dilemmas concerning the problem of pregnant women with premature rupture of the membranes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Intensive clinical monitoring of the course, methods and complications of the labor was undertaken in 75 pregnant women with premature rupture of the membranes and term delivery. Smears from the vagina, cervix, amnion and amniotic fluid were obtained from each pregnant woman, as well as nasal and throat smears from newborn infants in order to microbiological analysis. According to the method of labor treatment, the investigated patients (n = 75) were distributed into 2 groups. Early induction of labor was applied in 39 pregnant women (labor induction 6 h following rupture of the membranes) and expectatively treated 37 pregnant women (the control of pregnant women until initiation of the spontaneous contractions associated with antibiotic prophylaxis). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Duration of labor (period from rupture of the membranes to the delivery and from the initiation of regular contractions to the delivery) was significantly shorter (p < 0.01) in the induced labor group. Cesarean section was performed in 18.4% od labors in the first and in 13.5% of labors in the second group. Chorioamnionitis occurred in 7.9% in the first and in 21.6% in the second group during the labor (p < 0.05). The incidence of puerperal and neonatal infection was lower in the first investigated group (7.9% and 5.2%) than in the second group (18.9% and 16.2%). Positive microbiological finding was recorded in 13.2% of pregnant women from the first group and in 27.0% from the second group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: From the medical point of view it is reasonable to apply early induction of labor in pregnant women at more than 34 weeks' gestation. In pregnant women of less than 34 weeks' gestation, the expectant management of labor is recommended only in the next 48-72 hours.

[Placenta percreta--surgical treatment and personal experience]. / Placenta perkreta--hirurski tretman i nase iskustvo.

This is a case report of a female patient with placenta percreta in whom pregnancy was terminated in the XXVII gestational week. The disease was not diagnosed during pregnancy which had a normal course; the suspicion appeared during the third stage of the delivery period and it was confirmed during the operation and subsequent histopathological finding. As profuse bleeding occurred, urgent laparotomy with hysterectomy and unilateral adnexectomy were performed. Thirteen hours after the delivery the infant died.

[Prolactin levels in pregnant women with glucose intolerance at full-term delivery]. / Nivo prolaktina kod trudnica sa intolerancijom glukoze u terminu porodjaja.

A prospective study was carried out to establish the influence of deteriorated metabolism of glucose in mothers to the synthesis and secretion of prolactin during the pregnancy. The examination included a 101 pregnant women with delivery term between 259 and 287 day of gestation; 36 pregnant women manifested glucose intolerance or diabetes during the pregnancy and 12 of them also had marked signs of gestation. Control group consisted of 65 pregnant women. The level of prolactin in the sera of mothers with glucose intolerance (205.7 +/- 66.4 micrograms/l) was significantly increased (p < 0.05) than in case of mothers with normal pregnancy (172.2 +/- 60.7 micrograms/l), probably due to the development of gestosis in a large number of pregnant women. The difference of prolactin level in pregnant women with glucose intolerance but without the elements of gestosis (167.3 +/- 35.7 micrograms/l) and in women with normal pregnancy was not important. The difference of prolactin level in the serum of umbilical artery (245.5 +/- 101.2 micrograms/l and 261.0 +/- 78.8 micrograms/l) and in amniotic fluid (428.6 +/- 161.1 micrograms/l and 422.9 +/- 112.9 micrograms/l) was not of statistical significance. Pregnant women with glucose intolerance and elements of gestosis had significantly higher concentration (p < 0.05) in the serum of the mother, in the serum of umbilical artery and in the serum of amniotic fluid (282.4 +/- 41.6 micrograms/l, 315.6 +/- 103.3 micrograms/l and 460.4 +/- 130.2 micrograms/l) than the pregnant women with glucose intolerance but without elements of developing gestosis (167.3 +/- 35.7 micrograms/l, 210.5 +/- 81.5 micrograms/l, and 402.6 +/- 118.8 micrograms/l). There was no evidence of the functional connection between prolactin and glucose metabolism.

[Prostaglandins in the induction of labor at term with premature rupture of fetal membranes]. / Prostaglandini u indukciji porodaja u terminu s prevremenim prsnucem plodovih ovojaka.

A prospective, randomized study included 389 pregnant women with normal pregnancy, gestational age of 37 weeks (259 days) in whom the delivery started by premature rupture of fetal membranes and without labor pains 6 or more hours after rupture of fetal membranes. The Bishop score was < or = 6 and there were no clinical or laboratory signs of infection before induction. The first group (n = 219) included pregnant women at term with premature rupture of fetal membranes and unfavourable pelvic score in whom labor was induced by intracervical dinoprostone. The second-control group (n = 170) included pregnant women at term with premature rupture of fetal membranes and unfavorable pelvic score in whom delivery was induced by oxytocin infusion. In a 6 hour interval from the beginning of induction 61.64% women from the I group and 40.00% from the control group had a pelvic score > or = 7, (p < 0.05). After 12 hours the Bishop score was > or = 7 in 89.94% of women from the I group and 61.18% from the II-control group (p < 0.03). 63.34% of women, in whom labor was induced by intracervical application of dinoprostone, had an additional oxytocin induction. 82.18% of women from the first group and 62.25% from the second group (p < 0.05) had vaginal delivery with reduced activity of the uterus (p < 0.05) and significantly decreased number of irregular labor pains (p < 0.05) with hypertonia, hypercontraction and frequent contractions. In the first group the mean time of induction was 8.12 +/- 5.51 hours, while in the second-control group it was 10.83 +/- 7.34 hours (p < 0.01). In the group of deliveries induced by dinoprostone incidence of puerperal induction was 1.01% and 5.93% in the control group. Neonatal infection occurred in 3.19% of newborns in the first group and in 11.18% in the second group. 5.05% of newborns from the first group and 9.41% from the control group suffered from perinatal trauma and anoxia. In the first group the total perinatal morbidity was 10.43% and 31.18% in the second group (p < 0.05).

[Delivery with vacuum extraction--indications, technique and complications]. / Porodaji vakuum ekstrakcijom--indikacije, tehnika i komplikacije.

This study is a retrospective analysis of data on deliveries which ended up in vacuum extraction at the Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Novi Sad during two periods: 1983-85, and 1993-95. The aim of this study was to analyze indications, technique and complications of deliveries which ended up in vacuum extraction. Out of the total number of deliveries-17,110 in the period 1983-85, 4.86% ended up in vacuum extraction. The perinatal morbidity was 10.82%, the perinatal mortality 15.13/1000. In the period 1993-95, there were 18,599 deliveries, whereas 2.65% ended up in vacuum extraction. The perinatal morbidity was 8.93%, while perinatal mortality 11.12/1000. The risk of morbidity occurring in surgical procedures can be decreased if prompt vacuum extraction is performed.

[Cesarean hysterectomy im modern obstetrical practice from 1968 to 1993]. / Histerektomija cezarea u savremenoj opstetrickoj praksi u periodu 1968-1993. godina.

A retrospective study of cesarean hysterectomies at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Novi Sad was conducted for the period 1968-1993. There were 129,127 deliveries, whereas cesarean section was performed in 10,485 (8.12%) cases. There were 55 cesarean hysterectomies (0.042%), while in 0.52% they were performed during cesarean section. Elective hysterectomy was performed in 7 (12.73%) cases because of neoplastic process and uterine myoma, while in 48 (87.27%) cases it was performed for heavy bleeding. Most often bleeding occurred due to complications of placenta previa, uteroplacental apoplexy, premature placental ablation, uterine rupture and atony. Total hysterectomy was performed in 30 (54.54%) cases and subtotal hysterectomy in 25 (45.45%) cases. Bilateral adnexectomy was performed in 3 (5.45%) cases. Urinary bladder injury occurred in 4 (7.27%) patients, wound infection in 11 (20.00%) patients, urinary infection in 3 (5.45%) and pelvic peritonitis in 1 (1.82%) patient. One maternal death (1.82%) occurred due to DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation). Out of 57 delivered newborns 20 (35.10%) died in the perinatal period. There were 13 stillbirths (22.80%), whereas 7 newborns (12.30%) died in the early neonatal period due to prematurity and RDS (respiratory distress syndrome).

[Postoperative infection as an indication for hysterectomy after cesarean section]. / Postoperativna infekcija kao indikacija za histerektomiju nakon porodaja carskim rezom.

Even today infection is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality after cesarean section. The aim of this paper is to point to the significance of hysterectomy in treatment of puerperal infection in the contemporary obstetrics. During a 15- year period (1981 - 1995) 85231 deliveries were performed at the Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics in Novi Sad (Yugoslavia). There were 8609 (10.10%) cesarean sections. Hysterectomy was performed in 16 cases (0.186%) of women undergoing cesarean section due to dehiscence of uterine suture, endometritis, diffuse peritonitis or sepsis. Infection during delivery was diagnosed in 3 (18.75%) cases, the delivery itself began by amnion rupture in 5 (31.25%) cases, it lasted more than 12 hours in 6 (37.50%) cases. Elective cesarean section was performed in 3 (18.75%) cases, cesarean section during delivery in 13 (81.25%) and iterative cesarean section in 5 (31.25%) cases. Total hysterectomy was performed in 9 (56.25%) cases and subtotal in 7 (43.75%) cases. Postoperative treatment by antibiotics was carried out in all cases. There were postoperative complications after hysterectomy in 7 (43.75%) cases. According to results of microbiologic analyses in 7 (43.75%) cases one cause was determined, while in 9 (56.25%) cases two or more causes were determined. Gram-negative-bacteria were the most common cause (68.75%).

[The effect of hypertension on prolactin levels in pregnant women at term]. / Uticaj hipertenzivne bolesti na nivo prolaktina kod trudnica u terminu.

In 79 women with regular menstrual cycle and giving birth to children on the 274th to 287th day of gestational age, prolactin was determined in mother's serum, umbilical artery serum and in the amniotic fluid, by using radioimmunity method in mg/l. Two groups of women and their newborn infants were examined. In the first group (n - 36) were women with hypertension, in the second (n - 43) healthy women. The average values of prolactin (X +/- SD) in mother's serum (214.3 +/- 98.6 micrograms/l and 189.4 +/- 94.7 micrograms/l) in examined women do not differ significantly (p > 0.05). The level of prolactin in the serum of embryo is much higher (p < 0.01) in women with hypertension (338.2 +/- 106.5 micrograms/l) than it is the case in normal pregnancies (251.6 +/- 99.2 micrograms/l). The values of prolactin are significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the amniotic fluid in women from the examined group (527.3 +/- 188.6 micrograms/l) than in the control group (398.1 +/- 156.3 micrograms/l). The difference between the level of prolactin in the amniotic fluid of women with meconium and clear amniotic fluid in both examined groups is not significant (p > 0.05). Values of correlation coefficient are small (r < 0.317) and point that the mutual dependence among the prolactin in mother's serum, umbilical artery serum and serum of the amniotic fluid is not significant.

[Induction of labor using endocervical administration of dinoprost in post-term pregnancy]. / Indukcija porodaja endocervikalnom aplikacijom dinoprostina u postterminskoj trudnoci.

The authors analyzed results of 295 labors induced with endocervical application of dinoprostin (152 term- and 143 postterm labors) in relation to 242 (125 term- and 117 postterm-) spontaneous labors. Delayed labor increases the occurrence of meconial amniotic fluid (21.96%:9.03% p < 0.01), and pathological and prepathological CTG records (23.85%: 11.97% p < 0.005). In addition, children show lower Apgar score (p < 0.001), and among them there are more hypertrophic (6.54%:2.53% p < 0.05), postterm (6.92%:0.0% p < 0.005), and dysmature children (11.92%:3.12% p < 0.01) when compared to children born between the days 274 and 287 of the gestational age. Perinatal morbidity of children born after 287 gestational days in rather high-32.31%. Induction of labor with endocervical application of prostine shortens the duration of the labor (p < 0.001). Large numbers of labors are finished with vacuum extraction-3.73% (3.29% of term- and 4.19% of postterm labors) and cesarear section-12.88% (10.53% of term- and 15.38% of postterm labors) usually due to dystocia of the uterus and hypoxion of the neonate. Labor trauma is the most usual trauma among perinatal problems of new born infants delivered by the induction with prostaglandins and high perinatal morbidity rate is due not only to the induction method but also to the incorrect assessment of the gestational age.

[Breech presentation terminated by cesarean section]. / Porodaj zatkom zavrsen carskim rezom.

The prospective study was carried out in 86 mothers and their newborns born in breech presentation; 41 were delivered by cesarean section, 45 vaginally. The incidence of prepathologic and pathologic CTGs was rather high in both groups (34.14% and 24.34%) as well as the presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid (34.15% and 22.22%). The infants delivered by cesarean section have significantly (p < 0.05) higher pH levels (7.28 +/- 0.068) than those delivered vaginally (7.25 +/- 0.093). The acidosis incidence (pH +/- 7.20) is significantly (p < 0.01) lower in the first (9.76%) than in the second (26.66%) group. In the early neonatal period 24.35% of the children in the first group and 35.55% of the children in the second group developed a disease (p < 0.05). The difference in the morbidity rate can also be found in the fact that in the studied group no intracranial hemorrhage was diagnosed while in the control group it was found in 17.77% of the children. Manifest cerebral disfunction syndrome was detected in 2.44% of the children delivered by cesarean section and in 8.88% of the children delivered vaginally. One child (2.22%) delivered with manual help has died. The morbidity of the mothers was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in women who gave birth abdominally (17.68%) than in those who gave birth vaginally (8.88%).

[Risks for neonates born in the breech presentation]. / Rizik za novorodence u porodaju zatkom.

A prospective study included 106 females and their newborns, 45 of them born in breech presentation and 61 delivered normally. The incidence of prepathologic and pathologic CTG records and meconial amniotic fluid is significant (0.01), more frequent in breech presentation (24.44% and 22.2%) than in normal deliveries (8.20% and 9.84%). Children born in breech presentation have significantly (p < 0.005) lower Apgar score values after the 1st and 5th minute than the control children. Infants born in breech presentation have significantly (p < 0.01) lower pH values (7.25 +/- 0.093) than those delivered normally (7.30 +/- 0.056). The acidosis incidence (pH < 7.20) in the studied group was 26.66% and 3.38% in the control group. In early neonatal period the disease occurred in 35.55% of the breech presentation group and 9.83% of the normal group (p < 0.01). In the control group there was no intracranial hemorrhages and manifest cerebral disfunction--complications most frequently involved in perinatal morbidity of children born in breech presentation (17.77% and 8.88%). One (2.22%) child born in breech presentation died in the early neonatal period.

[Correlation between levels of prolactin in maternal serum, fetal serum and amniotic fluid in childbirth at term]. / Korelacija vrednosti nivoa prolaktina u serumu majke, serumu ploda i plodovoj vodi kod porodaja trudnice u terminu.

In 117 parturients with 38-41 gestation weeks, prolactin was analysed by the radioimmunologic method in the mother serum, the umbilical cord serum and vein, and in the amnionic fluid. Three groups of parturients and their newborns were examined: the group (n = 44) with the birth having started spontaneously with the appearance of labour pains 1/10 minutes, the group (n = 38) with a programmed birth induced by the infusion of oxytocin, and the group (n = 35) with the birth comprising elective cesarean section. The concentration of prolactin in the examined sera is characterized by considerable individual oscillations. The highest prolactin level was in the amnionic fluid (395.6 +/- 130.1 mu/L) and the lowest in the mother serum (174.6 +/- 84.1 mu/L) which shows a statistically significant difference (p less than 0.01). Prolactin values in the umbilical artery (244.6 +/- 98.3 mu/L) and vein (230.4 +/- 91.7 mu/L) are significantly (p less than 0.001) higher than the value in the mother sera and significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than the prolactin concentration in the amnionic fluid. The difference of the prolactin values in the sera of the umbilical cord blood vessels has no statistical significance (p greater than 0.05). Nor is there any statistically significant difference between prolactin concentrations in spontaneous and induced deliveries versus those in deliveries terminated with elective cesarean section (p greater than 0.05). A correlation analysis of the functional connection of prolactin in the sera of the mother, fetus, and amnionic fluid gives the correlation coefficient values of high statistical significance (0.482 less than r less than 0.906; p less than 0.001).

[Prolactin in the serum of mothers and neonates and in the amniotic fluid of pregnant women with hypertensive disease]. / Prolaktin u serumu majke i novorodenceta i u plodovoj vodi kod porodaja trudnice sa hipertenzivnom bolescu.

In 106 pregnant women (32-41 gestation weeks) prolactin values were determined in the sera of mothers and fetuses and in the amniotic fluid by the radioimmunological method in m IU L. Four group of parturients and their newborns were examined: Group I (n = 18) contained parturients with hypertensive disease and pre-term delivery, group II (n = 27) parturients with pre-term delivery, group III (n = 25) parturients with hypertensive disease and at-term delivery, and group IV (n = 36) normal parturients with at-term delivery. Prolactin values (mean +/- SD) in the serum of parturients with pre-term delivery (group I 8,311 +/- 2,654 and group II 8,203 +/- 2,647) and in those with at-term delivery (group III 9,656 +/- 3,145 and group IV 9,873 +/- 3,062) showed no significant differences (p greater than 0.05). Prolactin values in the serum of the umbilical cord artery proved significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in parturients with pre-term delivery (group I 11,598 +/- 2,923, group II 9,632 +/- 3,009) and at-term delivery (group III 13,266 +/- 3,015, group IV 11,243 +/- 3,123) in hypertension-affected women. A significantly higher (p less than 0.01) prolactin value was recorded in the amniotic fluid of parturients with pre-term delivery (group I 23,367 +/- 3,896, group II 19,715 +/- 4,128) and at-term delivery (group III 22,755 +/- 4,938, group IV 18,638 +/- 4,724) affected by hypertensive disease. The difference between the prolactin level in parturients with the meconium and clear amniotic fluid (22,059 +/- 5,465 and 19,263 +/- 5,673) was not significant (p greater than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)