ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In humans, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a biomarker of acute kidney injury that can be quantified in urine. Preliminary investigation in cats with experimentally induced acute kidney injury showed that KIM-1 urine concentration correlated with kidney injury histopathology scores. A lateral flow assay (LFA) has recently become available for patient-side feline KIM-1 measurement. In vitro parameters of the assay have not yet been determined. The objectives of this study were to determine detection of KIM-1 in urine stored at different temperatures over time, to establish the linear range of the LFA, and to assess the intra-assay repeatability of measurements. RESULTS: Ten urine samples with a range of KIM-1 concentrations were stored at room temperature (22o C), 4o C or -20o C, and tested with the LFA on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 30. The concentration of KIM-1 in samples was not significantly different from the day 0 value, except one sample that had been stored for 30 days at room temperature yielded a significantly higher value. The assay results had a correlation coefficient of 0.922. The mean coefficient of variation for all samples was 15.7%. The slope of the curve of expected versus measured values in samples diluted two-fold nine times was 0.908, and results were linear over all dilutions. CONCLUSIONS: The LFA for feline KIM-1 yields consistent results from stored urine samples. These characteristics will allow for KIM-1 to be measured retrospectively if immediate testing is not feasible. Within assay precision was high, and linearity over 9 logs of dilution suggests suitability for a range of subclinical and clinical kidney injuries.
Subject(s)
Acute Kidney Injury , Cat Diseases , Cats , Animals , Humans , Temperature , Retrospective Studies , Acute Kidney Injury/diagnosis , Acute Kidney Injury/veterinary , Acute Kidney Injury/urine , Kidney , Biomarkers/urineABSTRACT
This paper reports a case of neonatal hyperleukocytosis in a dog due to a bacterial infection. A 3-week-old, mixed-breed dog was brought to a veterinary college referral center with a history of weight loss despite a good appetite. Clinical and laboratory examinations included: physical examination, complete blood (cell) count (CBC), serum biochemistry profile, abdominal ultrasound examination, and cytology of liver and bone marrow aspirates. The CBC showed hyperleukocytosis of 158.0 × 109/L (RI: 2.1 to 21.2 × 109/L) and hematocrit of 0.19 L/L (RI: 0.21 to 0.34 L/L). The strong leukemoid reaction was comprised of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. The dog was diagnosed with Staphylococcus pseudointermedius liver infection based on liver aspirates and culture. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was prescribed. A recheck abdominal ultrasound and CBC repeated 4 wk after initial examination were unremarkable. Neonatal hyperleukocytosis is well-described in human medicine but veterinary studies in small animal neonates are scarce. Key clinical message: Hyperleukocytosis in adult dogs may be caused by leukemia or leukemoid reactions. Generalized sepsis is a leading cause of leukemoid reactions in adult dogs and cats. In puppies, neoplasia is less likely, and other causes should be investigated. Similar to human neonates, puppies can mount a strong leukemoid reaction during an infection, even if it is not a generalized septic process.
Hyperleucocytose néonatale et anémie régénérative chez un chiot septique. Cet article rapporte un cas d'hyperleucocytose néonatale chez un chien dû à une infection bactérienne. Un chien de race mixte âgé de 3 semaines a été amené dans un centre de référence d'une école vétérinaire avec des antécédents de perte de poids malgré un bon appétit. Les examens cliniques et de laboratoire comprenaient : examen physique, numération globulaire complète (CBC), profil biochimique sérique, examen échographique abdominal et cytologie des aspirations du foie et de la moelle osseuse.Le CBC montrait une hyperleucocytose de 158,0 × 109/L (RI : 2,1 à 21,2 × 109/L) et un hématocrite de 0,19 L/L (RI : 0,21 à 0,34 L/L). La forte réaction leucémique était composée de neutrophiles, de monocytes et de lymphocytes. Le chien a été diagnostiqué avec une infection hépatique à Staphylococcus pseudointermedius sur la base d'aspirations et de cultures de foie. L'amoxicilline-acide clavulanique a été prescrit. Une échographie abdominale de contrôle et un CBC répété 4 semaines après l'examen initial étaient sans particularité. L'hyperleucocytose néonatale est bien décrite en médecine humaine mais les études vétérinaires chez les nouveau-nés de petits animaux sont rares.Message clinique clé :L'hyperleucocytose chez les chiens adultes peut être causée par une leucémie ou des réactions leucémiques. La septicémie généralisée est l'une des principales causes de réactions leucémiques chez les chiens et les chats adultes. Chez les chiots, la néoplasie est moins probable et d'autres causes doivent être recherchées. Semblables aux nouveaunés humains, les chiots peuvent développer une forte réaction leucémique lors d'une infection, même s'il ne s'agit pas d'un processus septique généralisé.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).
