["No discussions about discharge of semen!" : The wild life of the urologist Felix Schlagintweit (1868-1950)]. / "Man lasse sich ja nicht auf Diskussionen über 'Samenverluste' ein" : Das wilde Leben des Urologen Felix Schlagintweit (1868­1950).

Felix Schlagintweit worked in a medical clinic, was co-owner of a sanatorium, had a private practice and wrote fictional books. He massively improved diagnostic methods (e.g., cystoscope) and was interested in psychoanalysis. He rejected the effectiveness of surgical treatment alone and also sole use of psychosomatics. In his view, conservative treatment options were often at least as effective. Because Schlagintweit refused to take part in national socialism, he was purged from professional discourse after 1933 and was only later were his contributions to the history of urology rediscovered.

[The Catholic world and urology in the 20th/21st century]. / Die katholische Welt und die Urologie im 20./21. Jahrhundert.

The Catholic world is shaped by papal directives and their interpretation over time by appointed theologians. There are strict prohibitions on key questions about life and death, but in the context of the practical application of medical treatment techniques, the Vatican often remains vague. This may allow Catholic urologists to use a range of therapies that at first glance appear problematic. Furthermore, if physicians use a different form of expression than that stated in the doctrine of the faith, there is more space for medical practice.

[Early origins of a physician specializing in sexual medicine from the urological perspective : Max Marcuse (1877-1963)-"physician for skin and urinary diseases"]. / Frühe Quellen eines Sexualmediziners aus urologischer Sicht : Max Marcuse 1877­1963: "Arzt für Haut- und Harnleiden".

The development of sexual medicine starts in Europe in parallel to the evolving clinical specialties urology, venerology, gynecology, neurology/psychiatry, and internal medicine at the end of the 19th century in Berlin. For this reason, we find many examples of fruitful collaboration but also in segregation from each other in defining the new specialties. Max Marcuse, the only one of the well-known Berlin specialists Ivan Bloch, Magnus Hirschfeld, and Albert Moll to survive the Holocaust, was able to publish articles in Palestine and Israel from the 1930s to the 1960s. This year is the 60th anniversary of his death.

[Gentle hands bring relief. Thure Brandt's massage as a contemporary document and starting aid for urology]. / Zarte Hände bringen Erleichterung. Thure-Brandt-Massage als Zeitdokument und Gründungshilfe für die Urologie.

Naturopathy and urology have little overlap in the present day, but in the Victorian era it was genital massage that made it clear to the medical profession that training specialized in diseases of the abdomen was necessary for physicians, otherwise patients would seek out lay healers and not clinics. This massage was developed in the 1850s by the Swedish officer Thure Brandt. It remained part of German medical practice until after World War II.

[For money, faith and honor : Albrecht Notthafft v. Weißenstein's splendor and downfall]. / Um Geld, Glaube und Ehre : Albrecht Notthafft v. Weißensteins Glanz und Untergang.

The professionalization of medical specialists and the question of correct ethical behavior in a dynamic world were important topics of discussion in the German Empire. In 1910, the debates within the medical profession culminated in a dispute, which the Munich physician Albrecht Notthafft of Weissenstein started and after which, although his own academic career ended, the necessity of professionalizing medical training was finally acknowledged. At the same time, the debate of 1910 represents the end of aristocratic interference in bourgeois medical affairs.

[Urology, gynecology, and andrology united against infertility? : The careers of Boris Belonoschkin (1906-1988)]. / Urologie, Gynäkologie und Andrologie vereint zur Bekämpfung der Infertilität? : Die Karrieren des Boris Belonoschkin (1906­1988).

Male arrogance, medical ignorance of anatomy and functioning of the human genitals, and social reservations about sex education have hampered urological and gynecological research since the 1920s. This changed under the premises of National Socialism when some physicians willing to cooperate were given the opportunity to perform human experiments. The gynecologist Boris Belonoschkin was one of them. He continued his career in Sweden after 1945, where he became an internationally respected scholar. As such, he was able to bring books of his former German colleagues to international attention again. He also promoted andrological research in Western Germany.

[Anal funnels and wonder pills-the dubious market for medical products in the Federal Republic of Germany until 1965]. / Analröhrchen und Wunderpillen ­ der graue Markt der Medizinalprodukte in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis 1965.

The Federal Republic of Germany was the last European Country without a drug legislation and a law about drug advertising until the 1960s. Therefore, a broad medical subculture flourished. Various dealers sold drugs and instruments for curing psychosomatic illnesses, especially anti-impotence pills or aids to reduce weight. Thus, the interested client could treat himself/herself without visiting a physician or a pharmacy. Some physicians tried to reduce this grey market, but they were not successful.

[150 years of Magnus Hirschfeld (14 May 1868-14 May 1935) and his influence on urology]. / 150 Jahre Magnus Hirschfeld (14.05.1868­14.05.1935) und sein Einfluss auf die Urologie.

Modern sexology was introduced by the Berlin-based Magnus Hirschfeld, who was born 150 years ago. He revolutionized the physician-patient relationship by introducing new terms of sexual behavior. His theory of "sexual in-betweens" paved the way for new concepts in sexual therapy, including hormonal pills in urological practice. Some of his colleagues developed the idea of a rejuvenation of male organism by sterilization. Many urologists had learned this operation in 1920s, which thus unintentionally enabled the National Socialists to quickly implement racial hygiene laws after 1933.

[The Hygienist Karl Roelcke, M.D. (1907-1982). Annotations to the family biography]. / Der Hygieniker Dr. med. Karl Roelcke (1907-1982). Familienbiographische Ergänzungen.

Volker Roelcke, the well-known historian of medicine, wrote a biographical sketch on his father's role in National Socialism. Karl Roelcke (1907-1982) was an important hygienist at the University of Heidelberg and assistant to Ernst Rodenwaldt (1878-1965). Attempts to discuss the Nazi issue with his father directly ended unsuccessfully in the 1970s. In his essay of 2014, Volker Roelcke portrayed his father as quite sophisticated, but did not mention all aspects of his work. The present essay therefore offers new insights into the person of Karl Roelcke which are not constrained by family interests.

[Anatomist, Anti-Abortionist, Anti-Darwinian. The three lives of Erich Blechschmidt (1904­1992)]. / Anatom, Abtreibungsgegner, Antidarwinist. Die drei Leben des Erich Blechschmidt (1904­1992).

The so called "Blechschmidt-Collection" in Goettingen is internationally presented as a masterpiece of German anatomical and embryological research after 1945. Compiled by anatomist Erich Blechschmidt (1904­1992), the collection's pieces are supposed to be ethically unobjectable. However, the embryos used for the collection have an obscure and dubious history. Blechschmidt is also well known for his infamous role in the Thalidomide/Contergan-trial, during which he claimed, Thalidomide would not have any negative effect on embryos. Later in his life, he became a vehement opponent of Evolution theory and disputed the right for abortion. His example may serve as one of many university professors in his generation who were appointed during the later years of the nazi regime, quickly regained their position after 1945 and continued their former research. Until now, this group did not receive appropriate scrutiny from critically minded historians.

[How to dose correctly? An overview of debates in the United States, Great Britain and Germany (1830s to 1970s)]. / Wie dosiert man richtig, um homöopathisch zu handeln? Ein Überblick über die Debatten in den USA, Grossbritannien und Deutschland (ca. 1830-ca. 1970).

The dispute over low and high potencies is no longer current in today's homeopathy, but from the 1830s to the 1960s it played a major role in scientific discourse. The devotees of high potencies claimed to be the only true Hahnemannians, while their antagonists tried to practise a scientific, modernized homeopathy. The former ultimately triumphed in Britain, the U.S. and Germany, but this happened on quite different routes in each of these countries. As well as Hahnemann, other scholars, such as Constantin Hering, James T. Kent and Karl Koetschau, played important roles in the international disputes.

[Sanatoria for tourists, drugs at home, healers on demand: healing cultures in the Duchy of Gotha (1850-1950)]. / Sanatorien füir Touristen--Medikamente für zu Hause--Heilkundige nach Bedarf: Heilkulturen im Herzogtum Gotha (ca. 1850-ca. 1950).

Up to 1920 Thuringia was separated into many territories some of which were known for their unorthodox pharmaceutical industries. Gotha was the only famous duchy because one of its princes had married the Queen of England in 1840. The country was backward and the state administration was incapable of solving health issues. It was due to the interest of some physicians that the fragile balance between homeopathy, naturopathy, physicians and pharmacists broke down after 1900. But the state bureaucracy was unable to convince the people of its new healthcare approaches that were just based on scientific medicine.