Mecanismos de tumorogénesis hipofisaria: Estudio de factores angiogénicos y de proliferación / Mechanisms of Pituitary Tumorigenesis: Study of Angiogenic and Proliferation factors

Introducción y Objetivos: La angiogénesis es un proceso fundamental en el desarrollo tumoral. Sin embargo, se han encontrado discrepancias en el patrón angiogénico de los tumores hipofisarios. Nos propusimos estudiar la expresión de VEGF y FGF2 y su importancia en la vascularización de los adenomas hipofisarios, cuantificar los vasos con los marcadores CD31 y CD34 y determinar el índice de proliferación con PCNA y Ki67. Materiales y Métodos: Se estudiaron 76 macroadenomas hipofisarios que fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente. Los adenomas se clasificaron según su secreción hormonal. A partir de cortes histológicos se realizó inmunohistoquímica para los marcadores de endotelio CD31 y CD34; y Ki-67 para estudio de proliferación celular. Por western blot se midieron VEGF, CD31 y PCNA. Se efectuaron comparaciones con glándulas normales. Resultados: El nivel de expresión de VEGF, hallado en todas las muestras analizadas, resultó mayor en los prolactinomas resistentes respecto a los demás tipos de adenomas hipofisarios. Esta proteína localizó en las células endoteliales de los vasos como así también en citoplasmas y núcleos de células tumorales. El 56 % de las muestras resultaron positivas para FGF2, mostrando localización citoplasmática y en matriz extracelular. Obtuvimos una fuerte correlación positiva entre VEGF y CD31 en las muestras tumorales, sin encontrar correlación lineal entre PCNA y VEGF, ni Ki-67 y VEGF en las muestras estudiadas. El área vascular resultó mayor en los tejidos normales que en los tumores utilizando CD34 como marcador de vasos. Conclusión: La importancia del estudio de la angiogénesis en los adenomas hipofisarios radica en la necesidad de hallar marcadores moleculares que predigan el comportamiento tumoral. Pudimos demostrar la expresión de los factores angiogénicos VEGF y FGF2 en estos adenomas, y la existencia de correlación lineal entre VEGF y CD31. Nuestros resultados son indicativos de existencia de angiogénesis en los adenomas hipofisarios por lo que su bloqueo podría plantearse como una estrategia alternativa para los casos resistentes a las terapias convencionales.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: Angiogenesis is an essential process in tumor development. Nevertheless, discrepancies in the angiogenic pattern of pituitary tumors, in terms of hormonal phenotype, size or invasiveness have been found. Our aim was to study the expression of VEGF and FGF2 growth factors, and their importance in the vascularization of pituitary adenomas. We also quantified blood vessels with the endothelial cell markers CD31 and CD34 determining the vascular area, and the proliferation rate through PCNA and Ki67 index. Materials and Methods: We studied 76 pituitary macroadenomas that were surgically resected in the period between 2006 and 2010 from a total of 276 patients with this pathology. Adenomas were classified into prolactinomas (PRL), somatotropinomas (GH), corticotropinomas (ACTH), non-functioning (NF) and plurihormonal (Ph) according to their hormonal secretion. Samples were collected in formalin, embedded in paraffin, and immunohistochemistry was performed from histological sections for endothelial markers CD31 and CD34; and for Ki-67 to study cell proliferation. VEGF, CD31 and PCNA were measured by Western blot. We compared results with normal glands (N=6). Results: VEGF expression levels, found in all of the samples analyzed, were higher in resistant prolactinomas than in other pituitary adenomas. This protein was detected in endothelial cells of blood vessels and in tumor cells cytoplasms and nuclei. Fifty-six percent of samples were positive for FGF2, the other potent angiogenic factor studied, showing cytoplasmatic and extracellular matrix localization. We obtained a strong positive correlation between VEGF and CD31 in tumor samples, but we did not find lineal correlation between PCNA and VEGF, or between Ki-67 and VEGF in the samples studied. The vascular area was higher in normal tissues than in tumors when CD34 was used as endothelial cell marker. Conclussion: The importance of studying angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas lies in the need to find molecular markers that can predict tumor behavior. We could demonstrate the expression of VEGF and FGF2, two potent angiogenic factors, and the existence of linear correlation between VEGF and CD31. Our results are indicative of the existence of angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas; therefore the blockage of angiogenesis might be proposed as an alternative strategy for cases of resistance to standard therapy.(AU)

Mecanismos de tumorogénesis hipofisaria: Estudio de factores angiogénicos y de proliferación / Mechanisms of Pituitary Tumorigenesis: Study of Angiogenic and Proliferation factors

Introducción y Objetivos: La angiogénesis es un proceso fundamental en el desarrollo tumoral. Sin embargo, se han encontrado discrepancias en el patrón angiogénico de los tumores hipofisarios. Nos propusimos estudiar la expresión de VEGF y FGF2 y su importancia en la vascularización de los adenomas hipofisarios, cuantificar los vasos con los marcadores CD31 y CD34 y determinar el índice de proliferación con PCNA y Ki67. Materiales y Métodos: Se estudiaron 76 macroadenomas hipofisarios que fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente. Los adenomas se clasificaron según su secreción hormonal. A partir de cortes histológicos se realizó inmunohistoquímica para los marcadores de endotelio CD31 y CD34; y Ki-67 para estudio de proliferación celular. Por western blot se midieron VEGF, CD31 y PCNA. Se efectuaron comparaciones con glándulas normales. Resultados: El nivel de expresión de VEGF, hallado en todas las muestras analizadas, resultó mayor en los prolactinomas resistentes respecto a los demás tipos de adenomas hipofisarios. Esta proteína localizó en las células endoteliales de los vasos como así también en citoplasmas y núcleos de células tumorales. El 56 % de las muestras resultaron positivas para FGF2, mostrando localización citoplasmática y en matriz extracelular. Obtuvimos una fuerte correlación positiva entre VEGF y CD31 en las muestras tumorales, sin encontrar correlación lineal entre PCNA y VEGF, ni Ki-67 y VEGF en las muestras estudiadas. El área vascular resultó mayor en los tejidos normales que en los tumores utilizando CD34 como marcador de vasos. Conclusión: La importancia del estudio de la angiogénesis en los adenomas hipofisarios radica en la necesidad de hallar marcadores moleculares que predigan el comportamiento tumoral. Pudimos demostrar la expresión de los factores angiogénicos VEGF y FGF2 en estos adenomas, y la existencia de correlación lineal entre VEGF y CD31. Nuestros resultados son indicativos de existencia de angiogénesis en los adenomas hipofisarios por lo que su bloqueo podría plantearse como una estrategia alternativa para los casos resistentes a las terapias convencionales.

Introduction and objectives: Angiogenesis is an essential process in tumor development. Nevertheless, discrepancies in the angiogenic pattern of pituitary tumors, in terms of hormonal phenotype, size or invasiveness have been found. Our aim was to study the expression of VEGF and FGF2 growth factors, and their importance in the vascularization of pituitary adenomas. We also quantified blood vessels with the endothelial cell markers CD31 and CD34 determining the vascular area, and the proliferation rate through PCNA and Ki67 index. Materials and Methods: We studied 76 pituitary macroadenomas that were surgically resected in the period between 2006 and 2010 from a total of 276 patients with this pathology. Adenomas were classified into prolactinomas (PRL), somatotropinomas (GH), corticotropinomas (ACTH), non-functioning (NF) and plurihormonal (Ph) according to their hormonal secretion. Samples were collected in formalin, embedded in paraffin, and immunohistochemistry was performed from histological sections for endothelial markers CD31 and CD34; and for Ki-67 to study cell proliferation. VEGF, CD31 and PCNA were measured by Western blot. We compared results with normal glands (N=6). Results: VEGF expression levels, found in all of the samples analyzed, were higher in resistant prolactinomas than in other pituitary adenomas. This protein was detected in endothelial cells of blood vessels and in tumor cells cytoplasms and nuclei. Fifty-six percent of samples were positive for FGF2, the other potent angiogenic factor studied, showing cytoplasmatic and extracellular matrix localization. We obtained a strong positive correlation between VEGF and CD31 in tumor samples, but we did not find lineal correlation between PCNA and VEGF, or between Ki-67 and VEGF in the samples studied. The vascular area was higher in normal tissues than in tumors when CD34 was used as endothelial cell marker. Conclussion: The importance of studying angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas lies in the need to find molecular markers that can predict tumor behavior. We could demonstrate the expression of VEGF and FGF2, two potent angiogenic factors, and the existence of linear correlation between VEGF and CD31. Our results are indicative of the existence of angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas; therefore the blockage of angiogenesis might be proposed as an alternative strategy for cases of resistance to standard therapy.

Salmonella enteríca portadora de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (blee) aisladas en Zaragoza durante los años 2001-2005 / No disponible

No disponible

Caracterización de enterobacterias portadoras de Blee aisladas de muestras invasivas / No disponible

No disponible

Mecanismos de resistencia a quinolonas / No disponible

No disponible

Population dynamics of Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea: Copepoda) on four cyprinid species.

A total of 217 Barbus graellsii, 54 Barbus haasi, 417 Cyprinus carpio and 85 Leuciscus cephalus captured at 9 sampling stations in the central basin of the Llobregat River (NE Spain) were studied for Lernaea cyprinacea parasitism. Prevalence (B. graellsii 39.2, B. haasi 31.5, C. carpio 8.4, L. cephalus 48.2), intensity of infection (B. graellsii range 1 to 39, mean 4.6; B. haasi range 1 to 7, mean 2.6; C. carpio range 1 to 16, mean 3.1; L. cephalus range 1 to 8, mean 2.4), and abundance (B. graellsii 1.80; B. haasi 0.83; C. carpio 0.26; L. cephalus 1.15) varied with the fish species studied. Correlations between abundance and host size were positive and significant for B. graellsii and L. cephalus. Correlation was positive but non-significant for B. haasi. Correlation between intensity and fish size was positive but not significant for B. graellsii, C. carpio, and L. cephalus. This is the first record of L. cyprinacea infecting B. graellsii and B. haasi.

Aortic stent grafting and side-branch embolization in an expanding chronic type B dissection.

OBJECTIVE: This is a report of endovascular treatment of a case of type B thoracoabdominal aortic dissection in a patient with progressive dyspnea, dorsolumbar pain, and expanding aortic diameter over a 1-year period. METHODS: Pretreatment imaging evaluation showed that the false lumen supplied only the celiac trunk. Endovascular treatment combined (1) embolization of the first segment of the celiac trunk to avoid distal back-flow into the false lumen and (2) stent grafting to occlude the initial entry tear. RESULTS: The treatment resulted in technical and clinical success. The patient remains asymptomatic 12 months after treatment. CONCLUSION: Stent grafting offers an interesting therapeutic alternative to exclude the initial entry tear in aortic dissection and may be combined with other endovascular procedures.

Environmental fungus flora in quail-breeding farms.

An investigation was made of the environmental fungus flora in a quail-bleeding farm during a period of 5 months (May-September 1978). A total of 5826 colonies were obtained. The genera encountered most frequently were Aspergillus (28.96%), Penicillium (21.21%), Scopulariopsis (16.84%), and Aureobasidium (13.90%). Of the Aspergillus species, A. fumigatus was isolated the most often (12.61%) of the total). The different fungal species were variously distributed according to the production zones and age of the animals in which they were found.