Uncertainty in Breast Cancer Risk Prediction: A Conformal Prediction Study of Race Stratification.

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in medicine has attracted a great deal of attention in the medical literature, but less is known about how to assess the uncertainty of individual predictions in clinical applications. This paper demonstrates the use of Conformal Prediction (CP) to provide insight on racial stratification of uncertainty quantification for breast cancer risk prediction. The results presented here show that CP methods provide important information about the diminished quality of predictions for individuals of minority racial backgrounds.

Tunable Axion Plasma Haloscopes.

We propose a new strategy for searching for dark matter axions using tunable cryogenic plasmas. Unlike current experiments, which repair the mismatch between axion and photon masses by breaking translational invariance (cavity and dielectric haloscopes), a plasma haloscope enables resonant conversion by matching the axion mass to a plasma frequency. A key advantage is that the plasma frequency is unrelated to the physical size of the device, allowing large conversion volumes. We identify wire metamaterials as a promising candidate plasma, wherein the plasma frequency can be tuned by varying the interwire spacing. For realistic experimental sizes, we estimate competitive sensitivity for axion masses of 35-400 µeV, at least.

Dielectric Haloscopes: A New Way to Detect Axion Dark Matter.

We propose a new strategy to search for dark matter axions in the mass range of 40-400 µeV by introducing dielectric haloscopes, which consist of dielectric disks placed in a magnetic field. The changing dielectric media cause discontinuities in the axion-induced electric field, leading to the generation of propagating electromagnetic waves to satisfy the continuity requirements at the interfaces. Large-area disks with adjustable distances boost the microwave signal (10-100 GHz) to an observable level and allow one to scan over a broad axion mass range. A sensitivity to QCD axion models is conceivable with 80 disks of 1 m^{2} area contained in a 10 T field.

Access to Alcohol: Geography and Prevention for Local Communities.

Alcohol availability, measured in terms of geographic density of alcohol-sales outlets, is linked to specific patterns of alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes in communities. To curb alcohol-related problems such as violence, traffic crashes, and drinking and driving, community advocates often focus on reducing alcohol availability through modifications of zoning laws and licensing requirements. In developing interventions and policy activities to reduce alcohol availability, community policymakers should assess the effects of outlet density using an adequate community "biogeography" of the interrelationships among drinkers, their drinking environments, the locations of alcohol outlets, and the locations of alcohol problems. Communities also should consider that the economic development of downtown areas, which is often accompanied by the rapid growth of alcohol outlets, is likely to affect the incidence and prevalence of alcohol-related problems in surrounding areas.