Phosphoinositide-mediated oligomerization of a defensin induces cell lysis.

Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs) such as defensins are ubiquitously found innate immune molecules that often exhibit broad activity against microbial pathogens and mammalian tumor cells. Many CAPs act at the plasma membrane of cells leading to membrane destabilization and permeabilization. In this study, we describe a novel cell lysis mechanism for fungal and tumor cells by the plant defensin NaD1 that acts via direct binding to the plasma membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). We determined the crystal structure of a NaD1:PIP2 complex, revealing a striking oligomeric arrangement comprising seven dimers of NaD1 that cooperatively bind the anionic headgroups of 14 PIP2 molecules through a unique 'cationic grip' configuration. Site-directed mutagenesis of NaD1 confirms that PIP2-mediated oligomerization is important for fungal and tumor cell permeabilization. These observations identify an innate recognition system by NaD1 for direct binding of PIP2 that permeabilizes cells via a novel membrane disrupting mechanism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01808.001.

Dimerization of plant defensin NaD1 enhances its antifungal activity.

The plant defensin, NaD1, from the flowers of Nicotiana alata, is a member of a family of cationic peptides that displays growth inhibitory activity against several filamentous fungi, including Fusarium oxysporum. The antifungal activity of NaD1 has been attributed to its ability to permeabilize membranes; however, the molecular basis of this function remains poorly defined. In this study, we have solved the structure of NaD1 from two crystal forms to high resolution (1.4 and 1.58 Å, respectively), both of which contain NaD1 in a dimeric configuration. Using protein cross-linking experiments as well as small angle x-ray scattering analysis and analytical ultracentrifugation, we show that NaD1 forms dimers in solution. The structural studies identified Lys(4) as critical in formation of the NaD1 dimer. This was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis of Lys(4) that resulted in substantially reduced dimer formation. Significantly, the reduced ability of the Lys(4) mutant to dimerize correlated with diminished antifungal activity. These data demonstrate the importance of dimerization in NaD1 function and have implications for the use of defensins in agribiotechnology applications such as enhancing plant crop protection against fungal pathogens.

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the plant defensin NaD1.

Plant defensins are small (~5 kDa) basic cysteine-rich proteins that are being explored in important agricultural crops for their ability to confer enhanced disease resistance against fungal pathogens. NaD1, isolated from the flowers of the ornamental tobacco (Nicotiana alata), is a particularly well characterized antifungal defensin. Here, the crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of NaD1 is reported. Crystals of NaD1 were crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method at 291 K. Data were collected from two crystal forms to 1.4 and 1.6 Å resolution, respectively. The crystals of form A belonged to the monoclinic space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 32.697, b = 32.685, c = 41.977 Å, α = 90, ß = 100.828, γ = 90°, whereas crystals of form B belonged to the trigonal space group P3(2)21, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 33.091, c = 128.77 Å, α = ß = 90, γ = 120°.