Correction to: Dentate granule progenitor cell properties are rapidly altered soon after birth.

In the original publication figure parts 8c, 8f, and 8i were mixed up and thus incorrectly labeled. Here is a corrected version with the parts properly labeled.

Dentate granule progenitor cell properties are rapidly altered soon after birth.

Neurogenesis occurs during the embryonic period and ceases soon after birth in the neocortex, but continues to occur in the hippocampus even in the adult. The embryonic neocortex has radial glia or progenitor cells expressing brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP), whereas the adult hippocampus has radial granule progenitor cells expressing BLBP and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the subgranular zone. We previously found that embryonic hippocampal granule progenitor cells express GFAP, but not BLBP, indicating that these cells are different from both embryonic neocortical and adult granule progenitor cells. In the present study, as the first step towards understanding the mechanism of persistent hippocampal neurogenesis, we aimed to determine the stage at which embryonic-type granule progenitors become adult-type progenitors using mouse Gfap-GFP transgenic mice. During the embryonic stages, Gfap-GFP-positive (Gfap-GFP+) cells were distributed in the entire developing dentate gyrus (DG), whereas BLBP-positive (BLBP+) cells were mainly present in the fimbria and subpial region, and to some extent in the DG. Up to postnatal day 0 (P0), double-positive cells were scarcely detected. However, at P1, one-third of the Gfap-GFP+ cells in the DG suddenly began to weakly express BLBP. Thereafter, Gfap-GFP+/BLBP+ cells rapidly increased in number, and extended their radial processes in the inner granular cell layer. At P14 and in the adult, two-thirds of the Gfap-GFP+ cells in the subgranular zone showed BLBP immunoreactivity. These results suggest that the properties of hippocampal granule progenitor cells are rapidly altered from an embryonic to adult type soon after birth.

The therapeutic effect of CD133(+) cells derived from human umbilical cord blood on neonatal mouse hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy model.

AIMS: Brain damage at birth can cause lifelong neurodevelopmental deficits. Recently, stem cell therapies have been used in several fields of medicine. We previously reported that CD133(+) cells, endothelial progenitor cells derived from human umbilical cord blood, induce nerve extension in an ex vivo hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy model. Here, we used an in vivo model to examine the effect of CD133(+) cells in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. MAIN METHODS: Hypoxic-ischemic brain lesions were induced in neonatal severe combined immunodeficiency mice using the Rice-Vannucci method. CD133(+) cells were administered by intraperitoneal injection 24h after injury. KEY FINDINGS: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that intraperitoneally transplanted CD133(+) cells migrate towards the brain 48h after injection. Moreover, in CD133(+) cell-treated animals, motor function improved and the brain was protected from the hypoxic-ischemic insult compared with untreated animals. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that CD133(+) cells derived from human umbilical cord blood have therapeutic potential in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Isolated gestational proteinuria preceding the diagnosis of preeclampsia - an observational study.

INTRODUCTION: Some pregnant women develop significant proteinuria in the absence of hypertension. However, clinical significance of isolated gestational proteinuria (IGP) is not well understood. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of IGP in singleton pregnancies and the proportion of women with IGP who subsequently developed preeclampsia (IGP-PE) among all PE cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was an observational study of 6819 women with singleton pregnancies at 12 centers, including 938 women with at least once determination of protein-to-creatinine ratio (P/Cr). Significant proteinuria in pregnancy (SPIP) was defined as P/Cr (mg/mg) level >0.27. IGP was defined as SPIP in the absence of hypertension. Gestational hypertension (GH) preceding preeclampsia (GH-PE) was defined as preeclampsia (PE) in which GH preceded SPIP. Simultaneous PE (S-PE) was defined as PE in which both SPIP and hypertension occurred simultaneously. RESULTS: IGP and PE were diagnosed in 130 (1.9%) and 158 (2.3%) of 6819 women, respectively. Of 130 women with IGP, 32 (25%) progressed to PE and accounted for 20% of all women with PE. Hence, women with IGP had a relative risk of 13.1 (95% CI; 9.2-18.5) for developing PE compared with those without IGP [25% (32/130) vs. 1.9% (126/6689)]. At diagnosis of SPIP, P/Cr levels already exceeded 1.0 more often in women with S-PE than in those with IGP-PE [67% (33/49) vs. 44% (14/32), respectively, p = 0.031]. CONCLUSIONS: IGP is a risk factor for PE, and IGP-PE accounts for a considerable proportion (20%) of all PE.

Urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio in pregnant women after dipstick testing: prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: The dipstick test is widely used as a primary screening test for detection of significant proteinuria in pregnancy (SPIP). However, it often shows a false positive test result. This study was performed to determine which pregnant women should be recommended to undergo determination of urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (mg/mg, P/Cr test) after dipstick test for confirmation of SPIP. METHODS: This was a multicenter, prospective, and observational study of 2212 urine specimens from 1033 pregnant women who underwent simultaneous dipstick and P/Cr tests in the same spot urine samples at least once. SPIP was defined as P/Cr > 0.27. Preeclampsia was diagnosed in women with both hypertension and SPIP. RESULTS: Preeclampsia, hypertension alone, and SPIP alone developed in 202 (20 %), 73 (7.1 %), and 120 (12 %) women, respectively. Creatinine concentration [Cr] varied greatly, ranging from 8.1 to 831 mg/dL in the 2212 urine samples. Rate of positive dipstick test results increased with increasing [Cr], while SPIP prevalence rate was lower in urine samples with higher [Cr], yielding higher false positive rates in samples with higher [Cr]. Postpartum urine samples had significantly lower [Cr] compared to those obtained antepartum (60 [8.7-297] vs. 100 [10-401] mg/dL, respectively). At the first P/Cr test among women with similar dipstick test results, the risk of having SPIP was consistently and significantly higher for hypertensive women than for normotensive women at any dipstick test result: 18 % (14/77) vs. 3.2 % (8/251), 47 % (26/55) vs. 8.7 % (37/425), 91 % (82/90) vs. 59 % (44/75) for negative/equivocal, 1+, and ≥ 2+ test results, respectively. The risk of SPIP was 16 % (9/55) for normotensive women when two successive antenatal urine samples showed a dipstick test result of 1 + . CONCLUSIONS: For prediction of SPIP, the dipstick test was more likely to show a false positive result in concentrated urine samples with higher [Cr]. Hypertensive women with ≥ 1+ as well as normotensive women with ≥ 2+ on dipstick test should be advised to undergo the P/Cr test.