ABSTRACT
A surgical skill assessment system was developed to quantify microsurgical skills. Infrared optical makers, an inertial measurement unit, and strain gauges were mounted on tweezers to record surgical tasks. In preliminary experiments, the tool tip trajectory, acceleration, and applied force were measured and microsurgery videos were evaluated by three expert surgeons. The preliminary results indicated the feasibility of the system by showing the significant difference between unskilled and skilled surgeons.
Subject(s)
General Surgery/education , Microsurgery/methods , Adult , Anastomosis, Surgical , Clinical Competence , Equipment Design , Female , Fourier Analysis , Humans , Internship and Residency , Male , Middle Aged , Reproducibility of Results , Robotics , Stress, Mechanical , Surgical Instruments , TremorABSTRACT
Application of 1-aminoocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, an ethylene precursor, decreased nodulation of Macroptilium atropurpureum by Bradyrhizobium elkanii. B. elkanii produces rhizobitoxine, an ethylene synthesis inhibitor. Elimination of rhizobitoxine production in B. elkanii increased ethylene evolution and decreased nodulation and competitiveness on M. atropurpureum. These results suggest that rhizobitoxine enhances nodulation and competitiveness of B. elkanii on M. atropurpureum.
Subject(s)
Amino Acids, Cyclic , Bradyrhizobium/metabolism , Fabaceae/microbiology , Nitrogen Fixation/drug effects , Plants, Medicinal , Propanolamines/metabolism , Amino Acids/pharmacology , Bradyrhizobium/genetics , Bradyrhizobium/physiology , Ethylenes/biosynthesis , Ethylenes/pharmacology , Plasmids/genetics , Propanolamines/pharmacologyABSTRACT
PIP: Since 1960, out-migration of native junior and senior high school graduates and young farmers from rural mountain villages of Japan has severely diminished the local populations. The author discusses how this out-migration affects demographic aging, increased care needs for the elderly, and local economic growth. The government's attempts to solve the out-migration problems are assessed. (SUMMARY IN ENG)^ieng
Subject(s)
Age Factors , Aged , Dependency, Psychological , Economics , Emigration and Immigration , Ethnicity , Geography , Health Services Needs and Demand , Population Dynamics , Public Policy , Rural Population , Adult , Asia , Demography , Developed Countries , Asia, Eastern , Japan , Population , Population CharacteristicsABSTRACT
The effect of morphine on the gastric acid secretion induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) was investigated in the perfused stomach of anesthetized rats. The intravenous infusion of morphine (0.01-1.0 mg/kg per h for 2 h) dose dependently suppressed the gastric acid secretion stimulated by 2-DG. This inhibitory effect of morphine was completely reversed by naloxone (1.0 mg/kg i.v.) pretreatment. On the other hand, even the higher dose of morphine (1.0 mg/kg per h for 70 min) had no effect on the gastric acid secretion evoked peripherally by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. These observations indicate that morphine suppressed the 2-DG-induced gastric acid secretion via a central mechanism(s), probably mediated by the opiate receptor(s).
