Introducing the Muzzammil classification for spoke wheel injuries in children to enhance injury assessment and treatment in developing countries.

Motorbike spoke wheel injuries (SWIs) among children are a notable public health concern, especially in low and middle-income regions. The primary objective of this study is to comprehensively examine the patterns of motorbike spoke wheel injuries (SWIs) in children. Additionally, the study introduces a novel classification system for these injuries. The implementation of this classification system aims to streamline the management of SWIs, making it more efficient and facilitating the development of standardized treatment protocols. This prospective observational study was conducted in the Accident and Emergency Department from January 2019 to 2021. Children < 14 years of age of either gender with foot and ankle injury due to motorbike spoke wheels as passengers and presenting within 3 days were included. The motorbike SWI was assessed for its location and classified by a new classification as Class I, Soft tissue injury without skin loss; Class II, Skin loss of more than 1 cm without underlying tissue involvement; Class III, Skin loss with underlying tissue involvement, this class is further divided on basis of underlying soft-tissue involvement; Class IV: mangled foot/toe. Management plan and outcome were noted. In our study158 children suffering from SWI were registered with a mean age of 6.2 ± 5.4 years, 127 (80.37%) males and 31 (19.62%) females. Class I injury was seen in 18 (11.39%) patients, class II in 69 (43.67%), and class III in 68 (43.03%) patients. Class III injuries were further subcategorized as follows: IIIT (Tendon) injuries, which accounted for 32 cases (20.25%); IIIB (Bone) injuries, with 29 cases (18.35%); and IIINV (Neurovascular) injuries, identified in 7 cases (4.43%). Class IV injuries were observed in 3 (1.8%) children. The flap was needed in 33 (20.88%) patients. There were no complications like flap necrosis or graft rejection. In this current study, a new classification system specific for a motorbike SWI has been introduced along with its application on children presenting at tertiary care hospital's emergency department. The application of the proposed classification will enable universal management guidelines for SWIs, especially in the Ino-Pak region where SWIs are common.

Prevalence of inadequate vitamin D level and its predictors in children presenting with torus fractures.

BACKGROUND: Review of the published articles does not show any study done to see if children with torus fracture are with Vitamin D deficiency. The aim of this study was to determine association of inadequacy of Vitamin D level with torus fracture and its predictors in children in Karachi Pakistan. METHODS: Patient underage of 13 years came with torus fracture were included in study, and managed non-operatively with below elbow cast. Proforma was made which includes demographic data (age, gender, nutritional status) and exposure to sunlight, dietary habits, kind to apparel and type of accommodation they were living at. All participants underwent measurement of serum vitamin D level. RESULTS: Out of 558 children presented with limb fractures in emergency department, 190 (34.05%) had torus fracture, with mean age of 6.0 ± 4.2 years. 93 (48.94%) in pre-school group, 59 (31.05%) in school and 38 (20%) were breast-fed. On nutritional status, malnourished were 72 (37.89%), out of which 32 (44.44%) had first-degree malnutrition. On vitamin D level status only 52 (27.36%) participants had Vitamin D within normal range while 86 (45.26%) were found Vitamin D deficient. We found that vitamin D level is directly related to nutritional status, duration of sun exposure maternal vitamin d levels and not significantly related to age, gender, type of accommodation and different fabric types. CONCLUSION: In this study torus fracture in children is significantly associated with Vitamin D deficiency, with common predictors including nutritional status, maternal Vitamin D level for lactating mothers and duration of exposure of sunlight. Vitamin D supplementation in children can prevent a significant number of fractures via national programs for food fortification and increase the awareness of general population on the importance of sunlight exposure and intake of food rich in Vitamin D.

Primary trauma care course: Alternative basic trauma course in developing countries. "The Need Of The Hour".

OBJECTIVE: Low- and middle-income countries account for over 90% of all road traffic injury deaths. Despite this, formal training in trauma management is not widely adopted in these countries. No specific training was available in prehospital or emergency department for life support before primary trauma care (PTC) course. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the PTC course in the improvement of knowledge and skills of trauma management among participant in Pakistan. METHOD: Two days of PTC courses were organised and conducted in various regions of Pakistan, participants per course comprising medical students, doctors, house officers, residents, and paramedics. The course comprises lectures of 5 hours and 30 minutes, skills workshops for 3 hours and discussion and multisystem trauma scenarios for 3 hours. Trauma management knowledge and clinical confidence of candidates were assessed using a predetermined multiple-choice questionnaire of 30 MCQs both at pre- and post-course, and using clinical scenarios, confidence matrix was assessed. RESULTS: A total 7852 of participants were trained, an average of 2 courses per month and 302 total courses. Mean score of pre-course MCQs was 60% and mean score of post-course MCQs was 82%. Among the participant postgraduate trainees, average in trauma knowledge and trauma clinical confidence were significantly higher in both pre- and post-course. The mean score of pre-course confidence matrix was 70% and the mean score of post-course confidence matrix was 93%; at the end of course, all participants showed a high level of confidence in managing trauma mock scenarios. A total of 5889 (75%) participants had a ≥78.5% post-workshop knowledge score. However, only 1963 (25%) participants had a trauma skill score with ≤75 marks. CONCLUSION: PTC workshop could be an alternative and cost-effective flexible course for gaining knowledge and clinical skills of initial trauma management and strengthening the capacity of trauma management training in developing countries with minimal resources for saving the life of trauma victims.

Does malnutrition in clubfoot patients affect Ponseti technique and its outcome?

OBJECTIVES: Malnutrition is a crucial health problem predominantly in the developing countries. Malnutrition in children is one of the main risk factors for diseases and mortality. Club foot or congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) is the most common form of congenital orthopaedic abnormality. Over the past 20 years, the Ponseti method is considered the gold standard for the treatment of clubfoot. Our objective is to determine the prevalence of malnutrition in clubfoot patients, and its effects on the outcome of Ponseti technique in patients presenting to the Orthopaedic Clinic of tertiary care Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. METHOD: The cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2018. Total 153 clubfoot patients were treated and the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of weight-for-age index was used to assess the nutritional status of patients, and its impact on outcome of Ponseti technique was recorded and analysed with a P value ≤ .05 as significant. RESULTS: Of the 153 patients, 112 (79.7%) were found in good nutritional status and 42 (20.6%) were malnourished. The average number of casts per patient and patients requiring 6+ casts in the undernutrition group was higher compared with good nutrition group (45.5% vs 21.42%, respectively). The number of Achilles tenotomy performed in the undernutrition group was also higher (76.4% vs 51.8%). CONCLUSION: A significant correlation between patients' nutritional status and outcome of the Ponseti technique is found as it influences the number of casts, possible relapse and failure of treatment.

Onsite Triage, Pre-Hospital Management And Effective Hospital Transportation "Where Do We Stand?"

BACKGROUND: To improve morbidity and mortality outcomes in mass casualty victims it is pertinent that a system of prehospital triage be implemented. The objectives of this study are to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices of emergency care transporters and ambulance personnel towards onsite triage, pre-hospital management and transportation to hospital of critically injured and wounded patients in mass casualty incidents and other emergencies in Karachi, Pakistan. METHODS: All ambulance personnel and emergency care transporters who transported patients to the hospital were included in the study. Pre-tested questionnaire was selfadministered after obtaining written consent. RESULTS: Among 250 emergency care transporters (ambulance personnel), mostly belonged to age group 21-25 years 73 (29.2%). Most of emergency transport provider teams were composed of only 1 person who was the driver of ambulance 22 (80%) and only 44 (17.6%) had the facility of paramedics. Regarding lifesaving equipment facilities in ambulance, 188 (75.2%) ambulances did not have these and only 62 (24.8%) were equipped. Predominantly, the ambulance personnel performed the 'scoop and run' practice and the ambulance works as a transport vehicle 188(75.2%), while facilities of basic life support were available in only 45 (18%) and advance life support facility in 17 (6.8%). Among all 203 (81.2%) did not think they are able to decide who is severely injured and 183(73.2%) believe they are unable to do triage in mass causalities. CONCLUSION: Our study showed significant gaps in the knowledge of the emergency care providers regarding triage of patients especially in mass casualty incidents. Though the response time and time to the hospital center is comparable, no prehospital lifesaving interventions are attempted en-route. A coordinated effort by the ambulance services, hospitals and the government are detrimental for a swift functioning of a trauma system.

Hydatid Cyst of Skeletal Muscle Presenting as Soft Tissue Tumour.

Hydatid disease is helminthic infection caused by tape worm echinococcus granulosis. It commonly involves liver (65-75%) and the lungs (25 to 30%). Involvement of bones and skeletal muscle is very rare, i.e. 3 to 5%. This is the report of a 21-year girl, city resident, presented with mass involving left proximal thigh. The mass was painless and had gradually increased in size over three years. MRI revealed solid cum cystic lesion in vastus medialis muscle. Tru-Cut needle biopsy of the lesion revealed necrotic material. Intraoperative findings were of different sized cystic lesions, typical of hydatid cyst. The cysts were removed intact. No recurrence was seen in 11-month follow-up. Hydatid cyst involving skeletal muscle is very rare entity, but should be considered while making differential diagnosis of soft tissue mass.

Qing-Qi Rickshaw : A Boon Or Bane For Public Transportation? A Study Of Road Traffic Injury Patterns Involving Qing-Qi Rickshaws In Karachi Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: The three-wheeler Qing-qi and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) auto-rickshaws were introduced in Karachi to meet the transportation demand of the growing population. These vehicles have directly or indirectly been implicated in a number of road traffic violations as well as road accidents. This study aims to describe the crash characteristics and injury patterns for Qing-qi rickshaw occupants and other road users hit by Qing-qi rickshaw in Karachi, Pakistan. METHODS: An Observational/ Descriptive study was conducted at Accident & Emergency and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre, Karachi Pakistan from July 2014 to June 2015.All patients who came with Qing-qi rickshaw accident in Accident & Emergency (A&E) of JPMC were included. Crash characteristics, details of injuries, injury severity parameters and outcome were documented in detailed interviews. RESULTS: Four hundred and eighty-six rickshaw related injuries were noted in road traffic accidents by Qing-gi rickshaw. Age range was 2-85 (43.5±58.68). 350 injured victims were males and 136 were females. By occupation most victims were laborers and daily wage workers (45%) and students (21%). Overloading of vehicle with more than two passengers was found in (28.5%). The most common cause of injury was collision with a moving vehicle (56%), followed by fall from rickshaw. The most common contributing factor was the overloading of rickshaw and roll over on turning (61%). Injury severity on arrival were mild (49%), moderate were (32%), and severe were (19%). Injuries related to head and neck (26%), face (14%), thorax and abdomen (5%), lower extremity and pelvic girdle (31%) and upper extremity (23%) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Qing-qi rickshaw injuries are common and these vehicles are vulnerable to road traffic accidents. Occupants and road users are both at risk of injuries.

Assessment Of Safety Levels In Operation Rooms At Two Major Tertiary Care Public Hospitals Of Karachi. "Safe Surgery Saves Life".

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study are to determine the knowledge and attitude towards surgical safety among the health care professionals including surgeons, anaesthetist, hospital administrators, and operation room personnel and raise awareness towards the importance of safe surgery. METHODS: A pilot cross- sectional study of 543 healthcare providers working in the operating rooms and the surgical intensive care units was conducted in two tertiary care hospitals, within a study period of one month. A structured questionnaire was constructed and an informed verbal consent was taken. The questionnaire was then distributed; data collected and analysed on SPSS 20.0.. RESULTS: A total of 543 respondents participated in the study out of which there were 375 (69%) men and 168 (31%) women. The ages ranged between 23-58 years, mean 40.5±24.74. There were110 (20.25%) surgeons, 58 (10.68%) anaesthetist, 132 (24.30%) trainees, 125 (23.02%) technicians, and were 118 (21.73%) nurses. The question regarding briefing operation room personnel is important for patient safety was agreed by 532 (98%) respondents. Amongst the respondents, 239 (44%) did not feel safe to be operated in their own setup. Team communication improvement through the check list implementation was agreed by 483 (89%) respondents. 514 (94.7%) opted for the checklist to be used while they are being operated. That operation room personnel frequently disregard established protocols was agreed by 374 (69%) respondents. 193 (35.54%) of the respondents stated that it is difficult for them to speak up in the OR if they perceive a problem with patient care. CONCLUSIONS: Operation room personnel were not aware of several important areas related to briefing, communication, safety attitude, following standard protocols and use of WHO Surgical Safety check list. A pre-post intervention study should be conducted after formal introduction of the Checklist. Successful implementation will require taking all stake holders on board and rigorous training workshops, reinforcing and revisiting.

Dupatta (Long Scarf) related injuries in female pillion riders in Karachi Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency, type of injuries and reason behind avoidable injuries due to dupatta entrapment in motorcycle wheels among female pillion riders. METHODS: This observational / descriptive study was conducted at the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, from July 2013 to December 2014, and comprised female patients with dupatta-related motorbike injuries. The patients had injuries around head and neck, face, chest, abdomen, etc. SPSS 11 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Of the 450 dupatta-related injuries, 49(10.89%) patients were admitted, whereas the remainder with minor injuries on neck and other parts of body were primarily managed in the accident and emergency department, detained for observation and discharged after first aid. The mean age was 31.5±19.09 years (range: 18 to 45 years). Besides, 37(75.51%) patients were admitted to the orthopaedic department, 5(10.2%) to the ear, nose and throat department, 4(8.16%) to the neurosurgery department and 2(4.08%) to the general surgery department. The number of injuries related to head and neck was 11(23%), face 8(17%), chest, abdomen and pelvic contents 1(2%) each, extremity and pelvic girdle 14(29%) and external injuries 13(28%). CONCLUSIONS: Dupatta entrapment was found to be a common cause of motorcycle accidents.

Functional outcome following olecranon osteotomy approach for fixation of T/Y fractures of distal humerus.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the functional outcome of fixation of T/Y fracture distal humerus through olecranon osteotomy. STUDY DESIGN: Quasi experimental study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Orthopedics, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi from June 2011 to December 2011. METHODOLOGY: Patients of either sex presenting with T/Y(configuration) fracture Humerus of Risenborough-Radin type II-IV and less than three weeks duration were included. Diagnosis was made by X-rays and underwent fixation by posterior approach through olecranon osteotomy. Functional outcome was measured by using Risenborough-Radin criteria of range of motion as good, fair and poor. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 13. RESULTS: 71 patients aged between 20-50 years were enrolled. Mean duration of trauma was 12.2±4.4 days. Majority 55 (77.5%) had type III fracture. Patients less than 40 years had good outcome in 52.8% cases and fair outcome in 41.7% cases better than patients more than 40 years age. In females, outcome was 68.8% which was better than males. Trauma of less than 12 days of duration had good outcome in 60.5% of cases. Type II fracture had better outcome than other types. Overall, 39 patients (54.9%) had good outcome, fair outcome in (33.80%) 24 patients and poor outcome in (11.27%) 8 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior approach using Transolecranon osteotomy is a satisfactory procedure for fixation of T/Y fracture of distal humerus, because it achieves good functional outcome post operatively in terms of range of motion of elbow compared to other procedures.

Giant cell tumour of foot bones - 25 years experience in a tertiary care hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of giant cell tumour in foot, its clinical features, stage of tumour, treatment and outcome of surgery. METHODS: This retrospective case series study was conducted at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, and comprised cases of giant cell tumour of foot bones diagnosed between January 1990 and March 2015. Tumour Incidence, type of procedure and results were recorded on a proforma and analysed for function outcome and recurrence. Clinical and radiological follow-up was done for a maximum 6 years. RESULTS: There were 240 cases of giant cell tumour but only 13(5.4%) related to foot bones. Of them, 8 (3.3%) were females and 5(2.0%) males. The mean age was 25 years (SD 10.59) (range: 17-38 years). In 7 (2.9%) cases lesion was in metatarsals, 2(0.8%) cases in phalanges, 3(1.2%) cases in calcaneus and 1(0.4%) case in talus. Duration of symptoms ranged from 4 to 12 months. All presented with radiologically stage 2 or 3 lesions. Resection of tumour and reconstruction with fibular graft was performed in 5(2.0%) cases, excision/curettage and filling cavity with cancellous bone graft in 5(2.0%) cases, resection in 2(0.8%) cases and toe amputation in 1(0.4%) case. There was recurrence in 2(0.4%) cases. No other complication was noted on last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Giant cell tumour in foot bones is a rare tumour and shows specific clinical and radiographic features with early involvement of entire bones, more aggressive behaviour with recurrence potential. The preferred treatment options are resection with reconstruction, curettage and filling cavity with bone graft/cement and amputation.

Giant cell tumour of proximal radius in a 48 years old lady.

Giant cell tumour is a locally aggressive tumour of long-bones of epiphyseal region commonly occurring in adults aged 20-40 years. Most common location is distal femur, proximal tibia and distal radius. Different treatment options being used are curettage with bone graft or bone cement, resection with arthrodesis, reconstruction, radiation and chemotherapy. We are reporting a case of giant cell tumour of proximal radius in a 48 years old lady. It is very rare and only 4 cases have been reported in literature. It was treated by wide margin resection without reconstruction.

Improvised explosive device bombing police bus: Pattern of injuries, patho-physiology and early management.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the different types of blast injuries, their mechanisms, patho-physiology of wounds and clinical consequences caused by improvised explosive device detonation, and their early management. METHODS: The retrospective study related to 70 Special Security Unit personnel of police travelling on duty in a bus that was struck with an Improvised Explosive Device on February 13, 2014, at 7:48am.The data of triage, primary survey and resuscitation and secondary survey on arrival at the Accident and Emergency section of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, were noted and later analysed. RESULTS: Police commandos aged 20-32 years were brought to hospital within 35-55 minutes of blast by ambulances. Triage at Emergency labelled 11(15.7%) Black, 15(21.4%) Red, 19(27.2%) Yellow and 25(35.7%) Green. Primary blast waves led to 11 closed blast lung presenting as pneumothorax in 9(12.8%) patients; 11(15.7%) chest tube thoracotomies were performed. Primary blast waves also produced ear drum and eyeball perforation. Seven (10%) patients received calcaneal fractures; 2(2.8%) with bilateral calcaneal fractures. Tertiary blast waves also caused amputations, and lower leg open fractures. Patients who died had received multi-system involvement injuries due to combined primary and secondary blast waves. CONCLUSIONS: Improvised explosive devices produce a variety of serious and uncommon injuries requiring special care and early multi-disciplinary response. Repeated primary and secondary survey in Accident and Emergency are very important.

"The role and ability of orthopaedic postgraduate resident's clubfoot treatment with ponseti's methodology." A comparative study of resident's versus consultant's directed treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome of Ponseti treatment carried out by the Postgraduate Orthopaedic Trainees compared with the treatment given by their Mentors. METHODS: The prospective comparative case series study was conducted at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, and comprised idiopathic Congenital Clubfoot Deformity patients treated from September 2012 to December 2013. Also included were a few cases treated between September 2006 and September 2012, who had complete record, serial photograph and updated follow-up. The patients were divided into two groups. Those treated by residents formed Group A and those by consultants were in Group B. The follow-up duration ranged from 06 months to 05 years. Outcome measures included the number of casts required to achieve correction with Pirani score 0.5, the rate of Per-Cutaneous Achilles Tenotomy (PCAT), the rate of early relapse and treatment and failure to maintain correction. SPSS 13 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the 172 patients in the study, 111(64.5%) patients with 185 feet were treated by the residents, while 61(35.5%) patients with 96 feet were treated by consultant. The overall mean age was 25.8±32.88 weeks (range: 1-156 weeks). The difference in age between the two groups was significant (p=0.01). A total of 166(96.51%) patients were on maintenance phase in Foot Abduction Bracing and 6(3.48%) completed the treatment successfully without residual deformity. The median number of cast per patient given by Group A was 6 and 5 in Group B. The number of 8+ casts given in Group A were 46 (24.86%) and 17 (17.7%) in Group B. Tenotomies performed in Group A were 106 (57.27%) and 70 (73%) in Group B, and overall PCAT performed were 183 (65.12%). The overall success rate was nearly similar between the two groups, with the difference of<1%. CONCLUSIONS: The best practice to achieve excellent to good results from the beginners in Ponseti technique is to provide mentorship training for the skill of Ponseti manipulation, application of cast and continued treatment.

Total hip arthroplasty for childhood fused hip.

The conversion of a painless fused hip of a long standing duration to a mobile hip is usually not demanded due to a number of per-operative problems, iatrogenic complications and a high demanding procedure. The conversion is, however, required when a patient develops chronic back pain or a painful pseudoarthrosis of the hip. Conversion due to pseudoarthrosis in a recent fracture through femoral neck of previously fused painless hip has never been reported. We are reporting this unique indication for conversion.

Giant cell tumours in hand bones.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical features of Giant cell tumour of hand, in terms of aggressiveness, multicentricity and radiological grading at presentation, surgical procedures and final outcome. STUDY DESIGN: A case series. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi, from January 1990 to January 2009. METHODOLOGY: Seven cases of Giant cell tumour of hand bones were diagnosed in last 19 years and included in this study. Patients with infections in hand and procedure performed at other centre were excluded. Clinical and radiographic features were analyzed, definitive operative procedures performed and follow-up of the patient were studied and updated. RESULTS: Two hundred ten cases of Giant cell tumour of bones were seen in last 19 years at JPMC, Karachi; 7 cases were of GCT of hand bones which constitutes around 3.3% of all GCT. Four patients (57%) were male and 3 (43%) female with mean age of 24.28+5.7 years. Four (57%) cases were in metacarpal and 3 (43%) in phalanges. Average duration of symptoms was 5.78+3.26 months; all presented with radiological stage 3 lesions. One case of multicentric lesion presented after treatment of primary GCT of distal radius. Excision of the tumour and reconstruction by autogenous graft was performed in 6 cases and ray amputation in one case. No complication or recurrence noted in any case on an average of 4.5 years (ranging from 1.5-8 years) follow-up. CONCLUSION: Giant cell tumour in hand bones is rare tumour and shows specific clinical and radiographic features with early involvement of entire bone, more aggressive behaviour and multi centricity. The treatment of choice is resection of the tumour with reconstruction or ray amputation.Ansari.

Giant cell tumour of the proximal ulna.

The report describes a rare case of giant cell tumour of proximal end of ulna occurring in 22 years old lady. Pain and gradual increase in swelling was noticed for last 7 months. X-ray showing complete absorption of proximal ulna. The tumour was excised en-bloc; reconstruction by fibular graft and fusion of elbow in functional position was performed. Postoperatively neurovascular status was normal. Patient is tumour-free and having stable elbow after 5 years of resection and reconstruction.

Traumatic hip dislocations in children.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate clinical features, treatment and relationship to the time period between dislocation, reduction and early complications of traumatic dislocation of hip in children. METHODS: Case series conducted at Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre Karachi from July 2005 to August 2009. Children with traumatic hip dislocation up to fifteen years of age who presented in last four years were included in this study. Their clinical information, etiology, associated injuries, duration, method of reduction and early complications are evaluated through emergency room proforma and indoor record. Follow up of patient was updated in outpatient department. RESULTS: We had eight patients, six boys and two girls. Youngest 2.4 years and eldest was 12 years with mean age of 6.2 +/- 3.8 years. All presented with posterior hip dislocation. Etiology was road traffic accident in two and history of fall in remaining six patients. Average duration of time between dislocation and reduction was 19 hours range 3-72 hours. Dislocated hips were reduced under General Anaesthesia in two patients and under sedation analgesia in six patients. No complications were noted in eight cases with mean 18.75 +/- 13.23 months follows up. CONCLUSION: Traumatic hip dislocation in children is not rare. Slight trauma causes dislocation in younger age and immediate closed reduction and Immobilization reduces complications.