Factors influencing the quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive review.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic relapsing disorders, including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), which affects an increasing number of people worldwide. In the last few decades, the scientific world has witnessed many developments in IBD management by controlling debilitating symptoms and remaining in remission for more protracted periods. Even so, we still have a large population suffering from active IBD. An individual's quality of life (QoL) can be severely affected by IBD, like any other chronic illness. In this article, we have reviewed factors influencing the QoL in IBD patients, including chronic pain, diet, physical activity, and psychological factors like depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. We also discussed the mechanisms of diet-microbial-immune system interaction, currently available dietary therapies for active CD and UC, and early psycho-social interventions that can reduce the disease burden and improve QoL in IBD patients.

A Comprehensive Systematic Review of the Latest Management Strategies for Hepatorenal Syndrome: A Complicated Syndrome to Tackle.

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), defined by the extreme manifestation of renal impairment in patients with cirrhosis, is characterized by reduced renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. It is diagnosed with reduced kidney function confirming the absence of intrinsic kidney disease, such as hematuria or proteinuria. HRS is potentially reversible with liver transplantation or vasoconstrictor drugs. The condition carries a poor prognosis with high mortality rates, particularly in patients with advanced cirrhosis. The latest management for HRS involves a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, aiming to improve renal function and reduce the risk of mortality. Pharmacological treatments include vasoconstrictors, such as terlipressin and midodrine, and albumin infusion, which have been shown to improve renal function and reduce mortality in HRS patients. Non-pharmacological interventions, including invasive procedures such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), plasma exchange, liver transplantation, and renal replacement therapy, may also be considered. Though TIPS has been shown to be effective in improving renal function in HRS patients, liver transplantation remains at the top of the consideration for the treatment of end-stage liver disease and HRS. Recent studies have placed importance on early recognition and prompt intervention in HRS patients, as delaying treatment can result in poorer outcomes. Although there are numerous reviews that summarize various aspects of HRS, the recent advancements in the management and pathophysiology of HRS are still insufficient. Therefore, in this review, we summarized a brief pathophysiology and highlighted recent advancements in the management of HRS with a quick review of the latest articles.