ABSTRACT
The improvement of results and patients quality life is the aim of surgical technique. Mini-laparoscopic cholecystectomy brings not only to a better cosmetic results, but also to a decrease of post operative pain, analgesic use, hospital stay and an early return to normal activities. In this study, Authors report their own experience about mini-laparoscopic cholecystectomy using 5 mm and 3 mm trocar. Patients suffering from biliary sludge, microscopic lithiasis and mild or moderate gallbladder inflammation can undergo this procedure.
Subject(s)
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/instrumentation , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic/methods , Cholelithiasis/surgery , Gallbladder Diseases/surgery , Humans , Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures , Quality of LifeABSTRACT
Corrosion of a multi-phase Ag-Pd-Cu-Au-based commercial dental casting alloy and a Cu-Pd-rich and Ag-rich single-phase alloy was studied by open-circuit potential measurements, atomic absorption spectrometry, and electron spectroscopy. The alloys were immersed in an artificial saliva solution for 24 hr while the open-circuit potentials of the alloys were measured. The potentials were found to stabilize at certain levels after a steep rise during the first hours of the experiment. Cu was found to dissolve considerably from the Cu-Pd-rich alloy, with simultaneous enrichment of Pd in the surface layer of the alloy. Ag dissolved slightly from the Ag-rich alloy, but both Cu and Ag were found to dissolve from the multi-phase alloy. Neither Pd nor Au dissolved from any of the alloys studied.
Subject(s)
Copper , Gold Alloys , Mouthwashes , Palladium , Saliva, Artificial , Silver , Chemical Phenomena , Chemistry, Physical , Copper/analysis , Corrosion , Dental Casting Investment , Electrochemistry , Electron Probe Microanalysis , Gold Alloys/analysis , Mouthwashes/analysis , Palladium/analysis , Saliva, Artificial/analysis , Silver/analysis , Solubility , Spectrophotometry, Atomic , Zinc/analysisABSTRACT
Electron spectroscopic studies of Au-Ag-Cu alloys of the type used for dental castings show that small additions (less than or equal to 3 wt%) of palladium reduce essentially the thickness of the sulfide layer formed on surfaces of samples treated in aqueous Na2S solutions. Relative to silver, palladium does not enrich in the sulfide, but statistically significant enrichment is found immediately below the sulfide layer. This enrichment probably takes place during the exposure of the substrate surface to atmosphere before the sulfiding treatment. The mechanism of the impeding effect of palladium on sulfiding is assumed to be a decrease in diffusion from the bulk alloy to the surface due to the enriched layer. The effect cannot be explained by changes in the electronic structure of the alloy due to palladium alloying.
