Subject(s)
Anemia, Sickle Cell/complications , Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology , Hypertension, Pulmonary/therapy , Lung Diseases/etiology , Lung Diseases/therapy , Pulmonary Embolism/etiology , Pulmonary Embolism/therapy , Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology , Pulmonary Fibrosis/therapy , Acute Disease , Anemia, Sickle Cell/epidemiology , Anemia, Sickle Cell/genetics , Bias , Black People/genetics , Cause of Death , Chronic Disease , Humans , Hypertension, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Hypertension, Pulmonary/mortality , Lung Diseases/diagnosis , Lung Diseases/mortality , Mass Screening , Needs Assessment , Pulmonary Embolism/diagnosis , Pulmonary Embolism/mortality , Pulmonary Fibrosis/diagnosis , Pulmonary Fibrosis/mortality , Research , Risk Factors , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether otitis media with effusion (OME) and associated hearing loss during the first 4 years of life were related to the ratings of parents, teachers, and clinicians of children's attention and behavior in the first 6 years of life. METHODS: In a prospective study, 85 black children were recruited from community-based child care programs when they were between 6 and 12 months old. OME and hearing status were monitored repeatedly from 6 months to 4 years old. Measures of attention and behavior were collected from parents, teachers, and clinicians when the children were infants, preschoolers, and first graders. RESULTS: On average, children experienced either bilateral or unilateral OME 30% of the time and hearing loss 19.9% of the time between 6 months and 4 years old. Descriptive and inferential analyses revealed no significant associations between OME or hearing loss and the measures of attention or behavior completed by parents, teachers, and clinicians. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of children, there was no relationship between amount of early childhood OME or hearing loss and measures of attention or behavior in the first 6 years of life as reported by parents, teachers, and clinicians.otitis media, hearing, attention, behavior.
Subject(s)
Attention , Child Behavior , Deafness/complications , Otitis Media with Effusion/complications , Child , Child Behavior Disorders/diagnosis , Child Behavior Disorders/etiology , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Multivariate Analysis , Prospective Studies , Psychological Tests , Regression Analysis , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
In earlier work REM sleep deprivation (RSD) by arousals improved endogenous depression. This suggested that drugs producing a similar RSD would have antidepressant activity. The arousal RSD was large, persisted for weeks, and was followed by a REM rebound. We call RSD with these properties arousal-type RSD. The present study reviewed literature from 1962 to 1989 on drug REM sleep effects to examine the hypothesis that drugs producing arousal-type RSD improve endogenous depression. The literature reviewed concerned the REM sleep effects of amine precursors, antidepressants, antihistamines, antipsychotics, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, other hypnotics, drugs affecting cholinergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission, ethanol, lithium and narcotics. Four hundred and sixty-eight relevant papers were read and 215 contributed information that could be used in the review. The findings indicated that all drugs producing arousal-type RSD improved endogenous depression. Four drugs that improved endogenous depression did not produce arousal-type RSD.
Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Depressive Disorder/drug therapy , Sleep Deprivation , Sleep, REM/drug effects , Animals , Depressive Disorder/physiopathology , Humans , Sleep, REM/physiologyABSTRACT
We reviewed the literature about the effects of chronically administered antidepressant drugs on animal drive-related behaviors that are increased by platform REM Sleep Deprivation (RSD): intracranial self-stimulation, locomotion, aggression, feeding, grooming and sex. We found no previous review of behavioral effects of chronic antidepressant drugs; about 200 papers on behavioral effects of one dose of antidepressant drugs; and only 14 papers on behavioral effects of chronically administered antidepressant drugs. With one dose, antidepressant drugs usually did not increase animal behaviors. With chronic administration, antidepressant drugs increased intracranial self-stimulation, locomotion, and affective aggression. Chronic drug effects on feeding, grooming, and sex were not studied. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that antidepressant drugs increase animal drive-related behaviors by RSD because RSD precedes tested behavior with chronic drug administration but not with one dose. The findings, plus a critical review of RSD by pendulum and by midbrain stimulation, support the hypotheses (1) that in animals all methods of RSD increase drive-related behaviors; and (2) that in humans antidepressant drugs improve depression by RSD which enhances such behaviors.
