Diel horizontal distribution of microcrustaceans and predators throughout a year in a shallow neotropical lake.

The focus of this study is to investigate if microcrustaceans undergo diel horizontal migration (DHM) in a tropical shallow lake on a yearly basis and analyse the adaptive value regarding predation. Abundance of invertebrate predators, chaoborid larvae and water mites, and microcrustaceans (cladocerans and copepods) were evaluated on a monthly basis in three stations located on a transect during the day and at night. Both invertebrate predators were predominantly pelagic. Cladocerans did not undergo significant DHM, distributing indistinctly onshore and offshore or being mostly pelagic. Nauplii, copepodites of two copepod species and adults of Tropocyclops prasinus meridionalis Kiefer were mostly distributed offshore, and did not perform DHM. The limnological features (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and conductivity) were suitable for the organisms in both zones of the lake. Algal food concentration was a little lower in the littoral than in the limnetic zone during the day, but it seems to be suitable for the organisms. However, as the algae quality was not evaluated, it is not possible to be conclusive concerning its influence. The results indicated that DHM was not performed by the microcrustaceans and is not, therefore, a strategy for decreasing predation by both invertebrates, Chaoborus brasiliensis Theobald and Krendowskia sp., on a yearly basis in this shallow lake.

Experiments on the influence of Chaoborus brasiliensis Theobald, 1901 (Diptera: Chaoboridae) on the diel vertical migration of microcrustaceans from Lake Monte Alegre, Brazil.

The aim of this work was to evaluate whether diel vertical migration of microcrustaceans from Lake Monte Alegre is related to invertebrate predators, namely larvae of Chaoborus brasiliensis. The hypothesis tested in the experiments was that the migratory behaviour of prey would depend on physical contact with Chaoborus brasiliensis larvae or with kairomones released by them. Two experiments were undertaken in the laboratory, with two treatments and three replicates each. Experiments were carried out in acrylic cylinders 1.5 m high and 0.20 m in diameter. Treatments in Experiment I were: A) predator and kairomones present and B) predator and kairomones present, but predator isolated in net tube inside the cylinder, having no physical contact with prey. Treatments in Experiment II were: A) predator and kairomones absent and B) the same as in experiment I. Physical and chemical factors (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity) and food (algae) did not influence vertical distribution of prey, as they were almost homogeneously distributed in the water column in both experiments; food concentrations were not limiting. Adult copepods (Tropocyclops prasinus meridionalis and Thermocyclops decipiens) showed reverse migration in the treatment B of both experiments; the cladoceran Daphnia gessneri migrated nocturnally in the treatment A of the Experiment I; vertical migration was undetectable for copepodites, as well as for Chaoborus larvae. The experiments indicated that Daphnia responded to physical contact with Chaoborus larvae but not to kairomones alone. Adult copepods seemed to be more sensitive to kairomones.