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1.
Rev. esp. anestesiol. reanim ; 60(supl.1): 11-26, jun. 2013. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-138682

ABSTRACT

La recientemente publicada Declaración de Helsinki para la seguridad del paciente en anestesiología establece que la seguridad y calidad de los cuidados que recibe el paciente relacionado con su situación perioperatoria es responsabilidad directa del anestesiólogo. Esta declaración de seguridad del paciente, avalada por la totalidad de las sociedades europeas de anestesiología, propugna la necesidad de elaboración de protocolos que faciliten el manejo del paciente durante sus cuidados perioperatorios. Uno de los temas propuestos en la Declaración es el manejo preoperatorio y la preparación del paciente quirúrgico. En este artículo se pretende hacer una revisión bibliográfica basada en la evidencia acerca del cuidado preoperatorio del paciente, así como proponer un protocolo sobre los aspectos más importantes del tema, que permita a cada hospital adaptarlo a sus necesidades e incorporarlo a su rutina de trabajo. Se destaca la importancia que tiene la realización de una correcta evaluación preoperatoria, reduciendo la morbimortalidad del paciente quirúrgico. El empleo de cuestionarios preoperatorios y la solicitud dirigida de pruebas complementarias preoperatorias facilita esta labor y reduce costes innecesarios. Finalmente se revisan las recomendaciones más aceptadas sobre normas de ayuno preoperatorio y el manejo de la medicación crónica preoperatoria (AU)


The recently published “Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety in Anesthesiology” establishes that the safety and quality of the perioperative care received by patients is the responsibility of anesthesiologists. This declaration has been accepted by all the European societies of anesthesiology and stipulates that all institutions providing perioperative anesthesia care to patients should design protocols to guide perioperative patient management. The present article aims to provide an evidenced-based review of preoperative assessment and preparation and to propose a protocol that can be adapted to the needs of each hospital and be incorporated into their routine practice. Emphasis is placed on the importance of correct preoperative evaluation in reducing morbidity and mortality in the surgical patient. This task can be aided by the use of preoperative questionnaires and the rational use of preoperative tests, which will also reduce unnecessary costs. Finally, the most widely accepted recommendations on preoperative fasting and the perioperative management of chronic medication are discussed (AU)


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Patient Safety/standards , Preoperative Care/instrumentation , Helsinki Declaration , Anesthesia/standards , Fasting/physiology , Anesthesiology/instrumentation , Anesthesiology/standards , Surveys and Questionnaires , Medical History Taking/standards , Electrocardiography/methods , Electrocardiography , Radiography, Thoracic , Blood Coagulation
4.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim ; 56(2): 111-4, 2009 Feb.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19334660

ABSTRACT

Acute renal failure is a serious complication of pregnancy associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality; the incidence is currently 1 per 10,000 pregnancies. The most common causes are gestational hypertension, bleeding, sepsis, and intrinsic renal disease. Other less common pregnancy-related syndromes, such as HELLP syndrome or thrombotic microangiopathy, may also lead to kidney failure. Hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura are forms of thrombotic microangiopathy and although neither is specific to pregnancy, the incidence of these entities rises during gestation. The classic symptoms are fever, hemolytic microangiopathic anemia, thrombopenia, neurologic dysfunction, and kidney abnormalities. When renal involvement is the predominant manifestation, the diagnosis is usually hemolytic uremic syndrome.


Subject(s)
Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/etiology , Pre-Eclampsia/physiopathology , Acute Kidney Injury/therapy , Adult , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Biomarkers , Combined Modality Therapy , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , HELLP Syndrome/diagnosis , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/diagnosis , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/drug therapy , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/therapy , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Plasma , Plasmapheresis , Prednisone/therapeutic use , Pregnancy , Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic/diagnosis
5.
Rev. esp. anestesiol. reanim ; 56(2): 111-114, feb. 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-72275

ABSTRACT

El fracaso renal agudo relacionado con el embarazoes una grave complicación con una elevada tasa de morbi-mortalidad asociada. Actualmente la incidencia es de1 caso cada 10.000 embarazos, siendo las causas másprevalentes los estados hipertensivos del embarazo,hemorragias, sepsis, enfermedad renal intrínseca y otrossíndromes más raros relacionados con el embarazo,como el síndrome de HELLP y las microangiopatíastrombóticas. El síndrome hemolítico urémico (SHU) y lapúrpura trombocitopénica trombótica (PTT) se incluyendentro de estas últimas y, si bien ninguna es específicadel embarazo, su incidencia aumenta durante el mismo.Los síntomas clásicos son: fiebre, anemia hemolíticamicroangiopática, trombopenia, afectación neurológica yafectación renal. Cuando la afectación renal es predominante,el diagnóstico suele ser el SHU(AU)


Acute renal failure is a serious complication ofpregnancy associated with a high rate of morbidity andmortality; the incidence is currently 1 per 10 000pregnancies. The most common causes are gestationalhypertension, bleeding, sepsis, and intrinsic renaldisease. Other less common pregnancy-relatedsyndromes, such as HELLP syndrome or thromboticmicroangiopathy, may also lead to kidney failure.Hemolytic uremic syndrome and thromboticthrombocytopenic purpura are forms of thromboticmicroangiopathy and although neither is specific topregnancy, the incidence of these entities rises duringgestation. The classic symptoms are fever, hemolyticmicroangiopathic anemia, thrombopenia, neurologicdysfunction, and kidney abnormalities. When renalinvolvement is the predominant manifestation, thediagnosis is usually hemolytic uremic syndrome(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Male , HELLP Syndrome/diagnosis , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/etiology , Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Plasmapheresis , Pre-Eclampsia/physiopathology , Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic/diagnosis , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Biomarkers , Combined Modality Therapy/methods , Diagnosis, Differential , Acute Kidney Injury/therapy , Prednisone/therapeutic use
7.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim ; 55(3): 137-43, 2008 Mar.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18401987

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe the anesthetic technique used, the evaluation of airway patency, and the perioperative complications in patients with lower than average intelligence (mentally disabled) who are administered general anesthesia for dental surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a prospective, descriptive, comparative study of mentally disabled ASA 2-3 patients. The patients were distributed in 2 groups: mild to moderate mental disability and severe to very severe mental disability. Induction was via intravenous or inhaled anesthesia depending on availability of venous access. Maintenance was with sevoflurane in oxygen and air at variable concentrations in order to maintain a bispectral index (BIS) between 40 and 60. Statistical comparisons were based on the chi2 test, the log-rank test and the t test. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients were enrolled. The anesthetic technique maintained hemodynamic stability in both groups. No statistically significant differences were found in Mallampati classification, Cormack-Lehane classification, or level of disability. The incidence of complications was higher in the group with more severe disability; the most common complication was difficult tracheal intubation. Bradycardia was the most common complication in the group with mild to moderate mental disability. CONCLUSIONS: The anesthetic technique used in this study proved to be safe and effective in this type of patient. A higher degree of mental disability led to less effective examination of the airway and more difficult direct laryngoscopy. BIS was as effective for monitoring in this population as it is in the general population.


Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Anesthesia, Intravenous/methods , Intellectual Disability/complications , Oral Surgical Procedures , Tooth Diseases/surgery , Adolescent , Adult , Airway Obstruction/complications , Anesthesia, Inhalation/statistics & numerical data , Anesthesia, Intravenous/statistics & numerical data , Anesthetics, Inhalation/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Inhalation/adverse effects , Bradycardia/chemically induced , Child , Electroencephalography , Female , Humans , Intubation, Intratracheal/methods , Male , Methyl Ethers/administration & dosage , Methyl Ethers/adverse effects , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Sevoflurane , Tooth Diseases/complications
8.
Rev. esp. anestesiol. reanim ; 55(3): 137-143, mar. 2008. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-59074

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Describir la técnica anestésica empleada,valorar la vía aérea y analizar las complicaciones perioperatoriasen pacientes con discapacidad intelectual (DI)sometidos a anestesia general para cirugía dental.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo, descriptivoy comparativo de pacientes ASA II-III con DI. Se distribuyeronen dos grupos: DI leves-moderados y DI graves-muy graves. La inducción fue intravenosa oinhalatoria según la disponibilidad de acceso venoso. Elmantenimiento se realizó con oxígeno/aire, y sevofluoranoa concentración variable para mantener un BIS entre40-60. El análisis estadístico incluyó X2 de Mantel yHaensel, t de Student.RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 47 pacientes. La técnicaanestésica mantuvo la estabilidad hemodinámica enambos grupos. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamentesignificativas entre la clasificación Mallampati,la clasificación de Cormack-Lehane y el grado de discapacidad.La incidencia de complicaciones fue mayor enel grupo de mayor discapacidad, siendo la más frecuentela dificultad de intubación endotraqueal. La bradicardiafue la complicación más frecuente en los DI levesmoderados.CONCLUSIONES: La técnica anestésica empleada eneste tipo de pacientes se mostró segura y eficaz. Mayorgrado de DI conlleva peor exploración de la vía aérea ypeor laringoscopia directa. El BIS se mostró igualmenteeficaz que en la población sin discapacidad (AU)


OBJECTIVE: To describe the anesthetic technique used,the evaluation of airway patency, and the perioperativecomplications in patients with lower than averageintelligence (mentally disabled) who are administeredgeneral anesthesia for dental surgery.MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a prospective,descriptive, comparative study of mentally disabled ASA 2-3 patients. The patients were distributed in 2 groups: mildto moderate mental disability and severe to very severemental disability. Induction was via intravenous or inhaledanesthesia depending on availability of venous access.Maintenance was with sevoflurane in oxygen and air atvariable concentrations in order to maintain a bispectralindex (BIS) between 40 and 60. Statistical comparisonswere based on the χ2 test, the log-rank test and the t test.RESULTS: Forty-seven patients were enrolled. Theanesthetic technique maintained hemodynamic stabilityin both groups. No statistically significant differenceswere found in Mallampati classification, Cormack-Lehane classification, or level of disability. The incidenceof complications was higher in the group with moresevere disability; the most common complication wasdifficult tracheal intubation. Bradycardia was the mostcommon complication in the group with mild tomoderate mental disability.CONCLUSIONS: The anesthetic technique used in thisstudy proved to be safe and effective in this type ofpatient. A higher degree of mental disability led to lesseffective examination of the airway and more difficultdirect laryngoscopy. BIS was as effective for monitoringin this population as it is in the general population (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Dental Care for Disabled/methods , Anesthesia, General , Anesthesia, Dental/methods , Prospective Studies , Anesthesia, Inhalation/methods , Oral Surgical Procedures/methods
10.
Actual. anestesiol. reanim ; 16(2): 47-68, abr.-jun. 2006. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-048108

ABSTRACT

El tamaño de la muestra se determina en el diseño del estudio, de modo que sea apropiado para los objetivos buscados y los condicionamientos que se está dispuesto a asumir. Un número insuficiente de principiantes impedirá encontrar las diferencias buscadas, concluyendo erróneamente que no existen, y un número excesivo aumenta innecesariamente el coste. La prueba estadística más apropiada para determinar si existe asociación entre dos variables cualitativas es la Chi cuadrado (X2). La prueba t de Student permite relacionar una variable dependiente cuantitativa (respuesta), a través de la comparación de dos medias. Para comparar más de dos medias se emplea la técnica estadística llamada análisis de la varianza. Cuando los grupos de datos recogidos no cumplen las condiciones de normalidad se recurre a otras pruevas estadísticas menos potentes conocidas como pruebas no paramétricas. Estas pruebas no requieren ninguna asunción para su aplicabilidad. Los modelos de regresión son herramientas formales que sirven para estudiar las relaciones de dependencia entre variables cuantitativas. Estas relaciones de dependencia se establecen entre una variable denominada dependiente (o variable respuesta) y una o varias variables denominadas independientes (o predictoras, o explicativas). Cuando la relación de dependencia entre la variable dependiente y la variable independiente es lineal se habla de un modelo de regresión lineal


Determining simple size should be considered at the time of planning the study, so that is appropriate for the objectives and the agreements that have been arranged to assume. An insufficient number of participants will prevent to find the differences looked for, concluding erroneously that they do not exist, and, an excessive number of individuals increases the cost unnecessarily. The statistical test the more appropriate to determine if association between two qualitative variables exists is the chi-squared test (X2). The Student´s t-test may be used to compare two sets of normally distributed samples by means. The Student´s t test can be to relate a binary independent variable to a depent quantitative variable, through the comparison of two means. In order to compare more than two means, analysis of variance is used. There are other statistical techniques which can be used for results that are not distributed normally. These alternative techniques are called non-parametric tests because they do not assume anything about parameters of the distributions being compared. The regression models are the statistical tests to study the relation of dependency between quantitative variables. A dependent variable and one or several independent variables (or predicting, or exploratory). When this relation of dependency between variables is lineal, a simple lineal regression is employed


Subject(s)
Humans , Analysis of Variance , Statistics as Topic , Health Statistics , Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Chi-Square Distribution , Statistics/methods , Sample Size , Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care/methods , Epidemiologic Factors , Probability
11.
Actual. anestesiol. reanim ; 16(1): 3-15, ene.-mar. 2006. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-044796

ABSTRACT

La estadística es el conjunto de métodos científicos ligados a la toma, organización, recopilación, presentación y análisis de datos, tanto para la deducción de conclusiones como para tomar decisiones razonables de acuerdo con tales análisis. La estadística descriptiva trata la forma de recoger, organizar y resumir estas observaciones. Las características de los datos se muestran en tablas y gráficos. A cada característica de los elementos de una población se le llama variable. Existen varios tipos de variables. Las variables cualitativas se refieren a categorías o atributos de los individuos estudiados. Las variables cuantitativas son aquellas cuyos datos son de tipo numérico. Según el tipo de variables se distinguen los siguientes tipos de gráficos: diagramas de barra y diagramas de sectores (variable cualitativa); histogramas (variable cuantitativa). Los índices usados en estadística descriptiva se dividen en: medidas de tendencia central (media varianza, rango intercuartílico y coeficiente de variación). La probabilidad permite cuantificar la incertidumbre acerca de la ocurrencia de un resultado. Se define como un número entre 0 y 1, asociado con la verosimilitud de que ocurra un suceso. La probabilidad de este suceso será igual a 0 cuando estemos seguros de que sí va a ocurrir. Variable aleatoria es toda función que asocia un número real, perfectamente definido, a cada punto muestral. Se distinguen entre discretas (Binomial y Poisson) y continuas (normal y t de Student). La inferencia es la parte de la estadística que desarrolla la generalización de los resultados obtenidos en una muestra total de la población. Trata dos problemas, la estimación y el contraste de hipótesis. El contraste de hipótesis trata de formular una asunción que puede ser cierta o no y, a través de los datos de la muestra, se toma la decisión de rechazarla o no. La hipótesis formulada con intención de rechazarla se le suele llamar hipótesis nula H0 y la hipótesis que se desea aceptar, hipótesis alternativa, H1


Statistical techniques are the scientific methods relative to collecting data, graphical display and análisis of data in order to take decisions according with results. Descriptive statistic refers to the way of set, organize and summarize data. A variable is defined as an attribute or measure recorded in a sample of individuals. There are two types of variables. Qualitative variables reference categorical data and can be summarised as frecuencies and percentages. Quantitative variables are used when numerical data are possible. Figures are different considering the type of data. Usually, bar and pie diagrams are for categorical, and histogram for continous data. Descriptive data analysis involves the use of statistical test such as central tendency measurements (means, median and mode), and dispersion measurements (standard deviation, variance, percentil range and variation coefficient). The purpose of probability is to quantifie the uncertain of a result. It is defined as a number between 0 to 1. Probability is 0 when the result must not be possible, and 1 when the result is sure to happen. An aleatory variable is illustrated by a mathematical function associated with a real number perfectly defined. They could be discontinuous (Bimodal and Poisson distribution), and continuous (normal and t Student distribution). Inference provides general results of values obtained in a sample, by estimation and the contrats of hypothesis


Subject(s)
Humans , Health Statistics , Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care/methods , Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Anesthesiology , Epidemiologic Factors , Probability , Statistics as Topic
12.
Actual. anestesiol. reanim ; 15(3): 107-125, jul.-sept. 2005. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-042116

ABSTRACT

Aunque el manejo anestésico y quirúrgico del paciente que se va a someter a una intervención quirúrgica electiva debe ser individualizado, existen numerosos protocolos en la medicina preoperatoria que se utilizan de manera generalizada. El objetivo de este artículo es resaltar la importancia que tiene la realización de una correcta evaluación preoperatoria, reduciendo la morbimortalidad del paciente quirúrgico, y mejorando el coste-eficacia de dicha evaluación. Se revisará porqué motivo es importante la entrevista preoperatoria, quién y cuándo debe realizarse. Asimismo se destaca la importancia de la historia y exploración clínica preoperatoria, el empleo cada vez mayor de los cuestionarios preoperatorios, así como las recomendaciones más aceptadas sobre normas de ayuno preoperatorio. Finalmente, se considerará la solicitud de las pruebas preoperatorias más adecuadas en cada caso, -que sólo deberían realizarse cuando existe una indicación clínica que lo justifique- destacando el importante coste de su solicitud rutinaria; la responsabilidad médico-legal del anestesiólogo en la evaluación médica preoperatoria, y la opinión del paciente en el proceso preoperatorio. La mejora en la educación acerca de la evaluación médica preoperatoria, basada en la evidencia científica publicada al respecto, permite reducir costes innecesarios al tomar actitudes científicamente comprobadas, sin reducir la seguridad de los pacientes ni la calidad de la atención sanitaria


Although anaesthetic and surgical procedures should be individualised for every patient, in practice many preoperative protocols and routines are used generally. In this article, we aim to emphasise: why preoperative assessment is important; how it should be done, and by whom; what can be expected; and the importance of test selection based on patients’ needs and on scientific evidence of effectiveness. We outline the roles of preoperative medical assessment in otherwise healthy patients. Clinical history, preoperative questionnaires, physical examination, routine tests and fasting policies are investigated by review of published work. Cost of routine preoperative assessment, the anaesthetist’s legal responsibility, and patients’ views in the preoperative process are also considered. A thorough clinical preoperative assessment of the patient is more important than routine preoperative tests, which should be requested only when justified by clinical indications. Moreover, this practice eliminates unnecessary cost without compromising the safety and quality of care. Education and training of medical doctors should be more scientifically guided, emphasising the relevance of effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness in clinical decision-making and complemented by audit


Subject(s)
Humans , Preoperative Care/methods , Elective Surgical Procedures/methods , Anesthesia/methods , Cost-Benefit Analysis/methods
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