Effects of alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade on coronary circulation in postmenopausal women.

We sought to investigate the effect of the α1-adrenergic receptor blockade during handgrip exercise (Grip), isolated metaboreflex activation (Metabo), and cold pressor test (CPT) on coronary circulation in young (YW) and postmenopausal women (PMW). Ten YW and 9 PMW underwent two protocols: (1) 3 min of baseline followed by 3 min of CPT and (2) 3 min of rest, 3 min of Grip followed by 3 min of Metabo. Protocols were carried out under control conditions and α1-adrenergic receptor blockade (oral prazosin 0.03 mg·kg-1). Coronary blood velocity (CBV) and vascular conductance (CCI) were lower in PMW. Grip increased CBV only in YW (YW: Δ18.0 ± 21.1% vs. PMW: Δ4.2 ± 10.1%; p < 0.05), and the blockade did not change the CBV response to Grip in YW and PMW. During the Metabo, CBV returned to resting levels in YW and was unchanged from rest in PMW, before (YW:Δ1.7 ± 8.7% vs. PMW: Δ- 1.5 ± 8.6) and under the blockade (YW: Δ4.5 ± 14.8% vs. PMW: Δ9.1 ± 29.5%). CPT did not change CBV in both groups (YW: Δ3.9 ± 8.0 vs. PMW: Δ- 4.1 ± 6.2%), following the α1-blockade, CPT increased CBV only in YW (YW: Δ11.2 ± 12.8% vs. PMW: Δ2.2 ± 7.1%; p < 0.05 for group and condition). CCI decreased during Grip, Metabo, and CPT in YW and PMW, while the blockade prevented that decrease only in YW. The α1-adrenergic receptor plays a role in the control of coronary circulation in young women, evoking stronger vasoconstriction during CPT than Grip and Metabo in YW. PMW have impaired vasomotor control in the coronary circulation, which seems not to be caused by the α1-adrenergic receptor.

Cardiovascular adjustments to cold pressor test in postmenopausal women and the impact of α1-adrenergic blockade.

PURPOSE: We investigate the impact of menopause on cardiovascular adjustments to the cold pressor test (CPT) and the role of the α1-adrenergic receptor. METHODS: Ten young women (YW) and nine postmenopausal women (MW) underwent 1 min of CPT in control and α1-blockade conditions (0.03 mg‧kg-1 of oral prazosin). RESULTS: CPT increased heart rate (HR) (YW: ∆20 ± 3 bpm; MW: ∆13 ± 2 bpm) and stroke volume (SV; YW: ∆15 ± 8 ml; MW: ∆9 ± 6 ml; p = 0.01 for time) and evoked a greater increase in cardiac output (CO) in YW (YW: ∆2.1 ± 0.2 l‧m-1; MW: ∆1.3 ± 0.5 l‧m-1; p = 0.01). α1-Blockade increased baseline HR and did not change HR, SV, and CO responses to CPT. MW presented an exaggerated systolic blood pressure (BP) response (YW: ∆38 ± 9 mmHg; MW: ∆56 ± 24 mmHg; p = 0.03). The α1-blockade did not change baseline BP while blunting its response. Total vascular resistance (TVR) was similar between groups at baseline and increased during CPT only in MW (YW: ∆2.3 ± 1.4 mmHg‧L-1‧min; MW:∆6.8 ± 5.9 mmHg‧L-1‧min). Under α1-blockade, the TVR increase during CPT was attenuated in MW and abolished in YW (YW: ∆0.3 ± 1.2 mmHg‧L-1‧min and MW: ∆3.0 ± 2.0 mmHg‧L-1‧min). CPT did not change femoral vascular conductance (FVC) in either group before the blockade (YW: ∆-0.3 ± 4.0 ml‧min-1‧mmHg-1; MW: ∆-0.2 ± 0.8 ml‧min-1‧mmHg-1); however, FVC tended to increase in young women (YW: ∆1.3 ± 1.0 ml‧min-1‧mmHg-1; MW: ∆0.1 ± 1.5 ml‧min-1‧mmHg-1; p = 0.06) after the α1-blockade. CONCLUSION: In postmenopausal women, the cardiac ability to adjust to CPT is blunted and α1-adrenergic receptor stimulation is important for the increase in stroke volume. In addition, the peripheral effect of α1-adrenergic receptor stimulation seems to be increased in postmenopausal women.

Effects of Different Types of Resistance Training and Detraining on Functional Capacity, Muscle Strength, and Power in Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Study.

ABSTRACT: Filho, MM, Venturini, GRdO, Moreira, OC, Leitão, L, Mira, PA, Castro, JB, Aidar, FJ, Novaes, JdS, Vianna, JM, and Caputo Ferreira, ME. Effects of different types of resistance training and detraining on functional capacity, muscle strength, and power in older women: A randomized controlled study. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 984-990, 2022-Resistance training (RT) increases muscle strength, power, and functional capacity (FC) of older women. However, these benefits can be lost partially or totally with detraining. This study aimed to compare the effect of 20 weeks of different types of RT and 4 weeks of detraining on muscle strength, power, and FC in older women. Ninety-five older women were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups (strength endurance, power, absolute strength, and relative strength training) and 1 control group (CG). We assessed muscle strength (10RM test) and muscle power of the lower (countermovement jump) and upper limbs (medicine ball pitch). Functional capacity was assessed by the Senior Fitness Test, which comprises the following tests: 30-second arm curl, 30-second chair stand, back scratch, chair sit and reach, 8-foot up and go, and 6-minute walk. The experiment lasted 24 weeks (familiarization: 2 weeks; neural adaptation: 6 weeks; specific training: 12 weeks; and detraining: 4 weeks). Muscle strength, lower and upper limb power (all p < 0.05), 30-second arm curl, 30-second chair stand, 8-foot up and go, 6-minute walk (all p < 0.001), and lower limb flexibility (p = 0.002) improved in all experimental groups after training and CG showed no differences in any of these variables. After detraining, muscle strength, lower and upper limb power (p < 0.05 for all), and FC decreased in comparison to the end of RT (30-second arm curl, 30-second chair stand, 8-foot up and go, 6-minute walk, and lower limb flexibility, p < 0.05 for all). Although the FC of the subjects has been reduced after 4 weeks of detraining, it was maintained at higher levels in comparison to baseline. These results suggested that older women can be submitted to different types of RT to achieve improvements in general fitness.

Sympathetic regulation of coronary circulation during handgrip exercise and isolated muscle metaboreflex activation in men.

NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? What is the role of ß- and α-adrenergic receptors in the control of the coronary circulation during handgrip exercise and isolated muscle metaboreflex activation in humans? What is the main finding and its importance? ß-Adrenergic receptor, but not α-adrenergic receptor, blockade significantly blunted the increases in coronary blood velocity observed during handgrip. Coronary blood velocity was unchanged from baseline during isolated muscle metaboreflex activation. This highlights the important role of ß-adrenergic receptors in the coronary circulation during handgrip in humans, and the more limited involvement of the α-adrenergic receptors. ABSTRACT: We sought to investigate the role of ß- and α-adrenergic receptors in coronary circulation during static handgrip exercise and isolated muscle metaboreflex activation in humans. Seventeen healthy young men underwent two experimental sessions, consisting of 3 min of static handgrip exercise at a target force of 40% maximum voluntary force (not achieved for the full 3 min), and 3 min of metaboreflex activation (post-exercise ischaemia) in two conditions: (1) control and ß-blockade (oral propranolol), and (2) control and α-blockade (oral prazosin). In both sessions, coronary blood velocity (CBV, echocardiography) was increased during handgrip (Δ8.0 ± 7.4 cm s-1 ) but unchanged with metaboreflex activation (Δ2.5 ± 3.2 cm s-1 ) under control conditions. ß-Blockade abolished the increase in CBV during handgrip, while CBV was unchanged from control with α-blockade. Cardiac work, estimated from rate pressure product (RPP; systolic blood pressure multiplied by heart rate), increased during handgrip and metaboreflex in control conditions in both sessions. ß-Blockade reduced RPP responses to handgrip and metaboreflex, whereas α-blockade increased RPP, but the responses to handgrip and metaboreflex were unchanged. CBV and RPP were only significantly correlated during handgrip under control (r = 0.71, P < 0.01) and ß-blockade (r = 0.54, P = 0.03) conditions, and the slope of this relationship was unaltered with ß-blockade. Collectively, these findings indicate that ß-adrenergic receptors play the primary role to the increase of coronary circulation during handgrip exercise, but CBV is unchanged with metaboreflex activation, while α-adrenergic receptor stimulation seems to exert no effect in the control of the coronary circulation during handgrip exercise and isolated muscle metaboreflex activation in humans.