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1.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry ; 200(3): 274-284, 2024 Mar 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38123462

ABSTRACT

The introduction of digital radiography has improved image acquisition. However, rejection of images remains a matter of concern. Reject analysis is part of the quality assurance program in radiology and helps identify potential errors or lack of training. A retrospective study was conducted at the radiology department of a university hospital. The reject rate was calculated both using the number of examinations, $r_n$, and the dose-area product, $r_d$. A reject rate $r_n$ of 3.3% for paediatric units and 4.5% for adults was found. The corresponding values of rd were 4.4 and 8.4%, respectively. The main rejection cause was patient motion, being 50.2% of rejected examinations in adults and 63.7% in children. The contribution of exposure errors was minor, as expected in digital radiography units. A discrepancy between reject rates $r_n$ and $r_d$ was observed, suggesting dosimetric quantities could be considered in reject analysis for further assessment of patient radiation burden.


Subject(s)
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Radiographic Image Enhancement , Child , Humans , Retrospective Studies , Radiography , Hospitals
2.
Bone Marrow Transplant ; 55(9): 1716-1725, 2020 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32132653

ABSTRACT

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is a well-established treatment strategy in HIV-related lymphoma patients (HIV+ Ly). Nevertheless, current evidence is mainly based on reports from specialized centers, multicentre heterogeneous studies, noncomparative analyses, or registry data-based comparisons. Likewise, the risk of infections reported so far for this population, seems to be similar to that of HIV- patients, and it does not seem to impact on mortality. We report a single-center retrospective comparative analysis of AHCT procedural results, infectious complications and survival in HIV+ Ly matched with a non-HIV comparative cohort. Thirty-three HIV+ patients and 45 matched controls, who underwent ASCT between 2000 and 2016, were included. Transplant-related toxicity, event-free survival, relapse rate, and overall survival were similar in both groups. Engraftment was delayed in HIV+ Ly (neutrophils: 15 vs 12 days (p = 0.0001), and platelets 39 vs 16 days (p = 0.00001)). Bacterial infections during the pre-engraftment period were more frequent in HIV+ Ly (RR 2.24, p = 0.017), as well as viral infections in the postengraftment period (RR 3.22, p = 0.004). CMV reactivation was more frequent in HIV+ Ly (39% vs 15% p = 0.007). In conclusion, ASCT is viable and effective in HIV+ Ly, but it is associated with a higher risk of infection.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation , Lymphoma , HIV Infections/complications , Humans , Lymphoma/complications , Lymphoma/therapy , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Retrospective Studies , Stem Cell Transplantation , Transplantation, Autologous
3.
World J Pediatr ; 15(5): 492-498, 2019 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31286425

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Studies investigating health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in youth with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV+) are scarce. This study aimed to compare HRQoL of PHIV+ to sociodemographic-matched youth not living with HIV (HIV-), Spanish general youth population, and to explore associations between sociodemographic variables, drug consumption, and HRQoL. METHODS: PHIV+ youth were randomly selected from CoRISpe database (Cohort of the Spanish Pediatric HIV Network). HRQoL was evaluated by SF-12v2. RESULTS: Thirty-nine PHIV+ youth (mean age: 23.36 years, SD = 3.83) and thirty-nine HIV- youth (mean age: 22.97 years, SD = 3.80) participated in this study. PHIV+ obtained lower scores in SF-12 physical health subscale (PCS) than HIV- (P = 0.001) and Spanish general youth population (P = 0.006). PHIV+ had lower scores on the mental health subscale (MCS) than the Spanish general youth population (P < 0.001). PHIV+ who were at school obtained better scores than those were not at school. PHIV+ youth who had used cocaine and cannabis had lower scores in MCS (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for HRQoL management in the associated medical follow-up.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/transmission , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Quality of Life , Adolescent , Female , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Spain/epidemiology , Young Adult
4.
J Transl Med ; 17(1): 244, 2019 07 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31349790

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups have been associated with advanced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Our aim was to determine whether mtDNA haplogroups are associated with liver-related events (LREs) in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective cohort study in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who were potential candidates for therapy with interferon and ribavirin (IFN/Rib) between 2000 and 2009. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of LREs (decompensation or hepatocellular carcinoma). mtDNA genotyping was performed using the Sequenom MassARRAY platform. We used Fine and Gray proportional hazards model to test the association between mtDNA haplogroups and LREs, considering death as a competitive risk. RESULTS: The study population comprised 243 patients, of whom 40 had advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. After a median follow-up of 7.7 years, 90 patients treated with IFN/Rib achieved sustained viral response (SVR), 18 patients had LREs, and 11 patients died. Patients with haplogroup H had lower cumulative incidence than patients with other haplogroups (p = 0.012). However, patients with haplogroup T had higher cumulative incidence than patients with other haplogroups (p = 0.074). In the multivariate analysis, haplogroup T was associated with an increased hazard of developing LREs [adjusted subhazard ratio (aSHR) = 3.56 (95% CI 1.13;11.30); p = 0.030]; whereas haplogroup H was not associated with lower hazard of LREs [aSHR = 0.36 (95% CI 0.10;1.25); p = 0.105]. When we excluded patients who achieved SVR during follow-up, we obtained similar SHR values. CONCLUSIONS: European mitochondrial haplogroups may influence the natural history of chronic hepatitis C.


Subject(s)
DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/genetics , Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications , Hepatitis C, Chronic/genetics , Liver/virology , Adult , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Biopsy , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnosis , Coinfection , Disease Progression , Europe , Female , Genotype , HIV Infections/virology , Haplotypes , Hepacivirus/genetics , Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology , Humans , Interferons/administration & dosage , Liver Failure/diagnosis , Liver Neoplasms/diagnosis , Male , Middle Aged , Proportional Hazards Models , Retrospective Studies , Ribavirin/administration & dosage , Risk
5.
AIDS ; 33(9): 1441-1447, 2019 07 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30932952

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Although a number of patients with HIV infection and hematological disease have successfully undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT), short and long-term outcomes remain not well known. We report the largest Spanish experience treating HIV-infected adult patients with high-risk hematological malignancies with allogeneic HSCT. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 22 HIV-positive patients who received allogeneic HSCT in five centers in Spain. RESULTS: A total of 22 patients with high-risk hematological malignancies were transplanted between 1999 and 2018. Median age was 44 years. With a median follow-up of 65 months (8-112), overall survival and event-free survival were 46%. Nonrelapse mortality was 14% at 12 months and relapse was 24% at 24 months. Grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) rate was 44%, and moderate/severe chronic GVHD rate was 41% at 24 months. All patients received combination antiretroviral therapy. Two patients showed severe toxicity related to drug interaction with antiretroviral therapy. 68% of patients showed infectious complications with viral infections as the most frequent cause. Two patients had invasive aspergillosis and one patient presented disseminated tuberculosis. All survivors except one maintained undetectable HIV load at last follow-up after HSCT. CONCLUSION: Allogeneic HSCT is an effective therapy for high-risk hematological malignancies in patients with HIV infection, and long-term HIV suppression with combination antiretroviral therapy is feasible. However, drug interactions with antiretroviral agents, occurrence of GVHD, and frequent infectious complications account for a complex procedure in this population. Selected HIV-infected patients with hematologic malignancies should be considered for allo-HSCT when indicated, in experienced centers.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/complications , Hematologic Neoplasms/therapy , Stem Cell Transplantation , Transplantation, Homologous , Adult , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Female , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Spain , Survival Analysis , Treatment Outcome
6.
PLoS One ; 14(3): e0214421, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30921390

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association of genetic polymorphisms in chemokine and chemokine receptor genes with poor immunological recovery in HIV patients starting combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) with low CD4 T-cell counts. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in 412 HIV-infected patients starting cART with CD4 T-cell count <200 cells/µL and successful viral control for two years. CD4 count increase below 200 cells/µL after two years on cART was used to define INR (immunological non-responder) patients. Polymorphisms in CXCL12, CCL5 and CCR2 genes were genotyped using sequenom's MassARRAY platform. RESULTS: Thirty two percent (134/412) of patients were classified as INR. After adjusting by age, route of HIV infection, length of infection before cART and viral hepatitis coinfection, CCR2 rs1799864-AG genotype was significantly associated with INR status (OR [95% CI]: 1.80 [1.04-3.11]; p = 0.04), and CXCL12 rs1801157-TT genotype showed a trend (OR [95% CI]: 2.47 [0.96-6.35]; p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: CCR2 rs1799864-AG or CXCL12 rs1801157-TT genotypes influence on the probability of poor CD4 recovery in the population of HIV patients starting cART with low CD4 counts. Genotyping of these polymorphisms could be used to estimate the risk of poor CD4 restoration, mainly in patients who are diagnosed late in the course of infection.


Subject(s)
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Chemokine CXCL12/genetics , Immune Tolerance/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Receptors, CCR2/genetics , Adult , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Female , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/genetics , HIV Infections/immunology , Humans , Immune Tolerance/drug effects , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Treatment Outcome , Virus Replication/drug effects
8.
Ann Intern Med ; 169(10): 674-683, 2018 11 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30326031

ABSTRACT

This article has been corrected. The original version (PDF) is appended to this article as a Supplement. Background: The multifactorial mechanisms associated with radical reductions in HIV-1 reservoirs after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT), including a case of HIV cure, are not fully understood. Objective: To investigate the mechanism of HIV-1 eradication associated with allo-HSCT. Design: Nested case series within the IciStem observational cohort. Setting: Multicenter European study. Participants: 6 HIV-infected, antiretroviral-treated participants who survived more than 2 years after allo-HSCT with CCR5 wild-type donor cells. Measurements: HIV DNA analysis, HIV RNA analysis, and quantitative viral outgrowth assay were performed in blood, and HIV DNA was also measured in lymph nodes, ilea, bone marrow, and cerebrospinal fluid. A humanized mouse model was used for in vivo detection of the replication-competent blood cell reservoir. HIV-specific antibodies were measured in plasma. Results: Analysis of the viral reservoir showed that 5 of 6 participants had full donor chimera in T cells within the first year after transplant, undetectable proviral HIV DNA in blood and tissue, and undetectable replication-competent virus (<0.006 infectious unit per million cells). The only participant with detectable virus received cord blood stem cells with an antithymocyte globulin-containing conditioning regimen, did not develop graft-versus-host disease, and had delayed complete standard chimerism in T cells (18 months) with mixed ultrasensitive chimera. Adoptive transfer of peripheral CD4+ T cells to immunosuppressed mice resulted in no viral rebound. HIV antibody levels decreased over time, with 1 case of seroreversion. Limitation: Few participants. Conclusion: Allo-HSCT resulted in a profound long-term reduction in the HIV reservoir. Such factors as stem cell source, conditioning, and a possible "graft-versus-HIV-reservoir" effect may have contributed. Understanding the mechanisms involved in HIV eradication after allo-HSCT can enable design of new curative strategies. Primary Funding Source: The Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR).


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/virology , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation , Viral Load , Adoptive Transfer , Adult , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , CD4 Antigens/immunology , Case-Control Studies , DNA, Viral/analysis , DNA, Viral/blood , Follow-Up Studies , HIV Antibodies/blood , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV-1/genetics , HIV-1/immunology , Hematologic Diseases/complications , Hematologic Diseases/therapy , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/methods , Humans , Immunity, Humoral , Male , Mice , Models, Animal , RNA, Viral/analysis , RNA, Viral/blood , Transplantation Chimera , Transplantation, Homologous , Young Adult
9.
Med. clín (Ed. impr.) ; 151(1): 39.e1-39.e17, jul. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-173748

ABSTRACT

La incidencia de linfoma no hodgkiniano y linfoma de Hodgkin es mayor en pacientes con infección por el VIH que en la población general. Tras la introducción del tratamiento antirretroviral de combinación (TARc) ha disminuido la importancia pronóstica de variables relacionadas con el VIH, adquiriendo mayor peso factores relacionados con el linfoma. Actualmente, los tratamientos de los linfomas en pacientes infectados por VIH no difieren de los empleados en la población general. Pero existen algunos aspectos diferenciales de los pacientes con VIH como la necesidad de TARc, de profilaxis y de tratamientos de algunas infecciones oportunistas. En este documento se actualizan las recomendaciones sobre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de los linfomas en pacientes infectados por VIH publicadas por GESIDA/PETHEMA en 2008


The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma is higher in patients with HIV infection than in the general population. Following the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), the prognostic significance of HIV-related variables has decreased, and lymphoma-related factors have become more pronounced. Currently, treatments for lymphomas in HIV-infected patients do not differ from those used in the general population. However, differentiating characteristics of seropositive patients, such as the need for cART and specific prophylaxis and treatment of certain opportunistic infections, should be considered. This document updates recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of lymphomas in HIV infected patients published by GESIDA/PETHEMA in 2008


Subject(s)
Humans , HIV/immunology , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/diagnosis , Hodgkin Disease/diagnosis , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy , Hodgkin Disease/drug therapy , Lymphoma, AIDS-Related , Anti-Retroviral Agents/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Therapy, Combination/methods
10.
BMC Infect Dis ; 18(1): 170, 2018 04 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29642845

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the utility of transient elastography (TE) for assessing the prognosis of patients with decompensated cirrhosis (DC). METHODS: We analyzed HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with DC who underwent TE as part of their routine follow-up between 2006 and 2015. We also calculated the liver stiffness spleen diameter-to-platelet score (LSPS), FIB-4 index, albumin, MELD score, and Child-Pugh score. The primary outcome was death. RESULTS: The study population comprised 65 patients. After a median follow-up of 32 months after the first TE, 17 patients had received anti-HCV therapy and 31 patients had died. The highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) value for prediction of death was observed with albumin (0.695), followed by Child-Pugh score (0.648), both with P values < .05. Lower AUROC values were observed with MELD score (0.633), TE (0.618), LSPS score (0.595), and FIB-4 (0.569), all with P values > .05. In the univariate Cox regression analysis, albumin, FIB-4, Child-Pugh score, and MELD score, but not TE, were associated with death. In the multivariate analysis, albumin and Child-Pugh score were the only baseline variables associated with death. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that TE is not useful for assessing the prognosis of HIV-infected patients with decompensated HCV-related cirrhosis. Albumin concentration and Child-Pugh scores were the most consistent predictors of death in this population group.


Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnostic imaging , Elasticity Imaging Techniques/methods , HIV Infections/diagnostic imaging , Hepatitis C/diagnostic imaging , Liver/diagnostic imaging , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/complications , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/mortality , Adult , Area Under Curve , Female , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/mortality , Hepatitis C/complications , Hepatitis C/mortality , Humans , Liver/pathology , Liver/virology , Liver Cirrhosis/diagnostic imaging , Liver Cirrhosis/virology , Male , Middle Aged , Prognosis , Proportional Hazards Models , ROC Curve
11.
Med Clin (Barc) ; 151(1): 39.e1-39.e17, 2018 07 13.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29357988

ABSTRACT

The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma is higher in patients with HIV infection than in the general population. Following the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), the prognostic significance of HIV-related variables has decreased, and lymphoma-related factors have become more pronounced. Currently, treatments for lymphomas in HIV-infected patients do not differ from those used in the general population. However, differentiating characteristics of seropositive patients, such as the need for cART and specific prophylaxis and treatment of certain opportunistic infections, should be considered. This document updates recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of lymphomas in HIV infected patients published by GESIDA/PETHEMA in 2008.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/complications , Hodgkin Disease , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Combined Modality Therapy , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Hodgkin Disease/complications , Hodgkin Disease/diagnosis , Hodgkin Disease/therapy , Humans , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/complications , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/diagnosis , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/therapy , Prognosis
12.
Age Ageing ; 46(3): 522-526, 2017 05 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28203694

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives: HIV patients have seen accelerated ageing. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of frailty, to evaluate factors associated with frailty and to evaluate physical function in older HIV-infected adults. Design: this was a cross-sectional study. Setting: outpatient clinics of two public university hospitals in Madrid (Spain). Methods: frailty was defined according to the criteria of Fried: shrinking, weakness, poor endurance and energy, slowness and low physical activity level, being frail those who met at least three criteria, prefrail one or two criteria and robust when they met no criteria. Physical function was assessed using standardised methods. Results: we evaluated 117 HIV-infected patients. Mean age was 61.3 ([standard deviation] 6.87) years. All patients were on antiretroviral therapy. Median current CD4+ T-cell count was 638 (144-1871) cells/µl, and median CD4/CD8 ratio was 0.79 (0.00-3.62). The prevalence of frailty was 15.4%, and that of prefrailty was 52.1%. In the multivariate analyses depressive symptoms (OR [95% CI], 9.20 [2.17-39.05]) and CD4/CD8 ratio (OR 0.11 [0.02-0.61]) were associated with frailty. Even though 100% of the patients were able to walk and perform basic activities of daily life independently, functional impairment was high (20% slow gait and 55% Short Physical Performance Battery ≤9). Conclusions: HIV-infected patients aged ≥55 years have a high prevalence of frailty and a high burden of functional impairment. Optimal management of this population requires close collaboration between infectious diseases specialists and geriatricians.


Subject(s)
Aging , Frail Elderly , Frailty/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology , Activities of Daily Living , Age Factors , Aged , CD4-CD8 Ratio , Chi-Square Distribution , Cross-Sectional Studies , Energy Metabolism , Exercise , Female , Frailty/diagnosis , Frailty/physiopathology , Geriatric Assessment , HIV Infections/diagnosis , Hospitals, Public , Hospitals, University , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Muscle Weakness , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Odds Ratio , Physical Endurance , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Spain/epidemiology
13.
J Clin Microbiol ; 55(5): 1388-1395, 2017 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28202799

ABSTRACT

Clonal complexity is increasingly accepted in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, including mixed infections by ≥2 strains, which usually occur in settings with a high burden of tuberculosis and/or a high risk of overexposure to infected patients. Mixed infections can hamper diagnostic procedures; obtaining an accurate antibiogram is difficult when the susceptibility patterns of the strains differ. Here, we show how mixed infections can also prove challenging for other diagnostic procedures, even outside settings where mixed infections are traditionally expected. We show how an unnoticed mixed infection in an HIV-positive patient diagnosed in Madrid, Spain, with differences in the representativeness of the coinfecting strains in different sputum samples, markedly complicated the resolution of a laboratory cross-contamination false positivity alert.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/diagnosis , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/classification , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Coinfection/microbiology , Coinfection/virology , False Positive Reactions , HIV Infections/virology , Humans , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Middle Aged , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Spain , Sputum/microbiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
14.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 34(8): 516.e1-516.e18, oct. 2016. tab
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-156256

ABSTRACT

Despite the huge advance that antiretroviral therapy represents for the prognosis of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), opportunistic infections (OIs) continue to be a cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. OIs often arise because of severe immunosuppression resulting from poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy, failure of antiretroviral therapy, or unawareness of HIV infection by patients whose first clinical manifestation of AIDS is an OI. The present article updates our previous guidelines on the prevention and treatment of various OIs in HIV-infected patients, namely, infections by parasites, fungi, viruses, mycobacteria, and bacteria, as well as imported infections. The article also addresses immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome


A pesar del gran avance que ha supuesto el tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) para el pronóstico de la infección por el VIH, las infecciones oportunistas (IO) continúan siendo causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en estos pacientes. Ello ocurre en muchos casos debido a la inmunodepresión grave, bien ante la falta de adherencia al TAR, el fracaso del mismo o el desconocimiento de la existencia de la infección por el VIH en pacientes que comienzan con una IO. El presente artículo actualiza las recomendaciones de prevención y tratamiento de diferentes infecciones en pacientes con infección por VIH: parasitarias, fúngicas, víricas, micobacterianas, bacterianas e importadas, además del síndrome de reconstitución inmune


Subject(s)
Humans , HIV Infections/complications , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/prevention & control , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Evaluation of Results of Preventive Actions , Coinfection/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Practice Patterns, Physicians'
15.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-156257

ABSTRACT

Opportunistic infections continue to be a cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. They often arise because of severe immunosuppression resulting from poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy, failure of antiretroviral therapy, or unawareness of HIV infection by patients whose first clinical manifestation of AIDS is an opportunistic infection. The present article is an executive summary of the document that updates the previous recommendations on the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients, namely, infections by parasites, fungi, viruses, mycobacteria, and bacteria, as well as imported infections. The article also addresses immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. This document is intended for all professionals who work in clinical practice in the field of HIV infection


Las infecciones oportunistas siguen siendo una causa importante de morbi mortalidad en pacientes con infección por VIH. Ello ocurre en muchos casos debido a la inmunodepresión grave, bien ante la falta de adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral, el fracaso del mismo o el desconocimiento de la existencia de la infección por el VIH en pacientes que comienzan con una infección oportunista. Este artículo es un resumen del documento de consenso que actualiza las recomendaciones previas de GESIDA respecto a la prevención y el tratamiento de las diferentes infecciones oportunistas en pacientes infectados por VIH: parasitarias, fúngicas, víricas, micobacterianas, bacterianas e importadas, además del síndrome de reconstitución inmune. Está dirigido a los profesionales que trabajan en la práctica clínica en el campo del VIH, con el objetivo de facilitarles una atención de calidad en la prevención y tratamiento de estas infecciones


Subject(s)
Humans , HIV Infections/complications , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/prevention & control , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Coinfection/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Practice Patterns, Physicians'
16.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin ; 34(8): 517-23, 2016 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27056581

ABSTRACT

Opportunistic infections continue to be a cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. They often arise because of severe immunosuppression resulting from poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy, failure of antiretroviral therapy, or unawareness of HIV infection by patients whose first clinical manifestation of AIDS is an opportunistic infection. The present article is an executive summary of the document that updates the previous recommendations on the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients, namely, infections by parasites, fungi, viruses, mycobacteria, and bacteria, as well as imported infections. The article also addresses immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. This document is intended for all professionals who work in clinical practice in the field of HIV infection.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/complications , Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Opportunistic Infections/prevention & control , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/prevention & control , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Coinfection/drug therapy , Coinfection/prevention & control , Humans , Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/diagnosis , Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/drug therapy , Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/prevention & control , Mycoses/drug therapy , Mycoses/prevention & control , Parasitic Diseases/drug therapy , Parasitic Diseases/prevention & control , Virus Diseases/drug therapy , Virus Diseases/prevention & control
17.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin ; 34(8): 516.e1-516.e18, 2016 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26976381

ABSTRACT

Despite the huge advance that antiretroviral therapy represents for the prognosis of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), opportunistic infections (OIs) continue to be a cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. OIs often arise because of severe immunosuppression resulting from poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy, failure of antiretroviral therapy, or unawareness of HIV infection by patients whose first clinical manifestation of AIDS is an OI. The present article updates our previous guidelines on the prevention and treatment of various OIs in HIV-infected patients, namely, infections by parasites, fungi, viruses, mycobacteria, and bacteria, as well as imported infections. The article also addresses immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/complications , Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Opportunistic Infections/prevention & control , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/prevention & control , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Coinfection , Humans , Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/drug therapy , Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/prevention & control , Mycobacterium Infections/drug therapy , Mycobacterium Infections/prevention & control , Mycoses/drug therapy , Mycoses/prevention & control , Opportunistic Infections/etiology , Parasitic Diseases/drug therapy , Parasitic Diseases/prevention & control , Virus Diseases/drug therapy , Virus Diseases/prevention & control
18.
PLoS One ; 11(2): e0148537, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26849641

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Higher serum levels of adhesion molecules (sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1) are associated with advanced liver fibrosis in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. We assessed the relationship between serum levels of adhesion molecules and liver-related events (LRE) or death, in coinfected patients. METHODS: We studied clinical characteristics and outcomes of 182 coinfected patients with a baseline liver biopsy (58 with advanced fibrosis) and simultaneous plasma samples who were followed for median of 9 years. We used receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves to calculate optimized cutoff values (OCV) of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1, defined as the values with the highest combination of sensitivity and specificity for LRE. We used multivariate regression analysis to test the association between OCVs of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 and outcomes. The variables for adjustment were age, HIV transmission category, liver fibrosis, baseline CD4+ T-cell counts, antiretroviral therapy, and sustained virologic response (SVR). RESULTS: During the study period 51 patients had SVR, 19 had LRE, and 16 died. The OCVs for LRE were 5.68 Log pg/mL for sICAM-1 and 6.25 Log pg/mL for sVCAM-1, respectively. The adjusted subhazard ratio (aSHR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of death or LRE, whichever occurred first, for sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 > OCV were 3.98 ([1.14; 13.89], P = 0.030) and 2.81 ([1.10; 7.19], respectively (P = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: Serum levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 can serve as markers of outcome in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Therapies targeting necroinflammatory damage and fibrogenesis may have a role in the management chronic hepatitis C.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/pathology , Hepatitis C/pathology , Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/blood , Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/blood , Adult , Biomarkers/blood , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Coinfection , Female , Follow-Up Studies , HIV Infections/blood , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/mortality , Hepatitis C/blood , Hepatitis C/drug therapy , Hepatitis C/mortality , Humans , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Liver Cirrhosis/pathology , Liver Cirrhosis/virology , Male , Retrospective Studies
20.
AIDS ; 29(7): 811-8, 2015 Apr 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25730510

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) patients with HIV-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) show better control of immunosuppression, which may have an impact on the characteristics and prognosis of the disease. We aimed to compare the clinical presentation and prognosis of patients with HIV-related and HIV-unrelated DLBCL treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) in the cART era. METHODS AND DESIGN: Eighty-one HIV-infected patients included in a Spanish multicentre trial were compared with 84 HIV-uninfected patients diagnosed in a Spanish institution in the same period all treated with R-CHOP. RESULTS: HIV-infected patients had a worse performance status, more frequent B-symptoms, and higher Ann-Arbor stages than HIV-uninfected patients, with similar frequency of extranodal involvement. The complete response (CR) rate of patients with high tumor burden was not different in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients. Patients with HIV-related DLBCL showed a worse overall survival (OS) (5-year OS: 56 vs. 74%) but a similar disease-free survival (DFS) (5-year DFS: 84 vs. 73%). In the subgroup of patients with high tumor, the results regarding survival were similar to the whole series. Previous AIDS-defining illness was the strongest negative prognostic factor for OS in HIV-infected patients. CONCLUSION: In the cART era, HIV-related DLBCL still presents more aggressive features than HIV-unrelated DLBCL, and has a worse OS despite having a similar DFS. Prevention of HIV-related complications is essential to achieve outcomes comparable with HIV-uninfected patients with DLBCL.


Subject(s)
Anti-Retroviral Agents/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/administration & dosage , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage , Doxorubicin/administration & dosage , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prednisone/administration & dosage , Rituximab , Spain , Treatment Outcome , Vincristine/administration & dosage , Young Adult
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