Early maladaptive schemas and harm avoidance as mediating factors between early life stress and psychiatric symptoms in adults

Objective: This study investigated how factors of temperament and early maladaptive schemas predict psychiatric symptoms, as well as how they mediate the relation between early life stress and psychiatric symptoms in adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 200 university students. Data was collected through a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Adult Self-Report Inventory, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Young Schema Questionnaire, and the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. Results: A model including early maladaptive schemas, harm avoidance (temperament factor), and early life stress explained 69% of the variation of the psychiatric symptoms; among the predictors, early maladaptive schemas explained 31% of psychiatric symptoms, while harm avoidance explained 25%. Most of the predictive power associated with early life stress can be better explained by early maladaptive schemas and, to a lesser extent, harm avoidance. Conclusion: By managing these processes therapeutically, deleterious effects associated with early life stress can be minimized.

Early maladaptive schemas and harm avoidance as mediating factors between early life stress and psychiatric symptoms in adults.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated how factors of temperament and early maladaptive schemas predict psychiatric symptoms, as well as how they mediate the relation between early life stress and psychiatric symptoms in adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 200 university students. Data was collected through a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Adult Self-Report Inventory, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Young Schema Questionnaire, and the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. RESULTS: A model including early maladaptive schemas, harm avoidance (temperament factor), and early life stress explained 69% of the variation of the psychiatric symptoms; among the predictors, early maladaptive schemas explained 31% of psychiatric symptoms, while harm avoidance explained 25%. Most of the predictive power associated with early life stress can be better explained by early maladaptive schemas and, to a lesser extent, harm avoidance. CONCLUSION: By managing these processes therapeutically, deleterious effects associated with early life stress can be minimized.

Safety and Growth Optimization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Feedlot Cattle for Probiotic Formula Design.

In order to eliminate the widespread use of antibiotics in livestock production, the research for alternatives has increased lately. This study examined the safety of 40 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from bovine feedlot environment and previously selected as potential probiotics. A high sensitivity prevalence to ampicillin (AMP, 100%), gentamicin (GEN, 96.3%), kanamycin (KAN, 96.3%), clindamycin (CLI, 85.2%), chloramphenicol (CHL, 92.6%) and streptomycin (STR, 88.9%) while moderate and high resistance against erythromycin (ERY, 48%) and tetracycline (TET, 79%) respectively, were determined. Feedlot enterococci and pediococci displayed high resistance to CLI, ERY, GEN and TET (73, 100, 54.5, and 73%, respectively). Among fifteen resistance genes investigated, seven were identified in lactobacilli; their presence not always was correlated with phenotypic resistance. STR resistance genes, aadA and ant(6) were observed in 7.4 and 3.7% of isolates, respectively; genes responsible for aminoglycosides resistance, such as bla (7.4%), and aph(3")-III (3.7%) were also recognized. In addition, resistance cat and tetS genes (3.7 and 7.4%, respectively) were harbored by feedlot lactobacilli strains. The presence of ermB gene in 22.3% of isolates, including two of the six strains phenotypically resistant to ERY, exhibited the highest prevalence among the assessed antibiotics. None of the feedlot lactobacilli harbored virulence factors genes, while positive PCR amplification for ace, agg, fsrA, and atpA genes was found for enterococci. With the objective of producing large cell biomass for probiotic delivery, growth media without peptone but containing glucose and skim milk powder (Mgl and Mlac) were selected as optimal. Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL2074, L. amylovorus CRL2115, L. mucosae CRL2069, and L. rhamnosus CRL2084 were strains selected as free of antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants, able to reach high cell numbers in non-expensive culture media and being compatible among them.