Armodafinil as a Potential Pharmacological Treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: A Review.

INTRODUCTION: Armodafinil is a psychostimulant that promotes alertness, and it has been shown to improve attention, memory, and fatigue in healthy adults and adults with neurodevelopmental conditions that share symptoms with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It is generally well tolerated and safe, and most of the adverse events reported are considered not serious. However, the available evidence on the efficacy of armodafinil for the treatment of ADHD in adults is scarce. OBJECTIVE: The present review aims to perform a systematized search of the available evidence on the possible therapeutic benefit of armodafinil treatment in adult patients with ADHD. METHODS: A literature review using PubMed was conducted to compile and summarize the available clinical and scientific evidence on the possible use of armodafinil as a pharmacological treatment in adult patients with ADHD. RESULTS: From the 86 articles reviewed, the available evidence showed that both acute and chronic treatment with armodafinil can improve wakefulness, memory, impulse control, and executive functions in adults with sleep disorders and other conditions. In addition, evidence of improvement in cognitive functions and mood alterations in other neuropsychiatric conditions was shown. CONCLUSION: Armodafinil could be useful for the treatment of ADHD in adults, according to the review of the literature from both pre-clinical and clinical studies.

Epilepsy and education: A case-control analysis of the impact of an intensive epilepsy training program on undergraduate medical students.

AIMS: To evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practical skills of students submitted to a 6-week intensive training in epilepsy compared to students without any training but mandatory neurology classes. METHODS: It is a case-control study. After completing a 6-week intensive Academic, Clinical, and Research Program in epilepsy, TUMSs answered a validated Knowledge Attitudes and Practices (KAP) questionnaire. The control group, composed of undergraduate students who shared the same age, academic year, and compulsory hours for learning about epilepsy as TUMSs, was also assessed through the KAP instrument. Answers from both groups were submitted to Fisher exact and the χ2 test to observe differences among groups. Descriptive statistics were also performed. RESULTS: TUMSs displayed better results in theoretical knowledge such as the definition and causes of epilepsy, and the application of paraclinical studies essential for diagnosing epilepsy. From their perspective, people with epilepsy encounter restricted opportunities for preserving their social life and employment and they are more prone to workplace accidents. They are convinced that facing epilepsy presents a notable risk due to the difficulties linked with diagnosis, considering epilepsy a challenging disease for general practitioners to identify and follow up. Likewise, they exhibited improvement in treatment adjustment and treatment monitoring of patients with epilepsy, mainly in pregnancy cases. Finally, they had greater knowledge about what to do when they witness a person experiencing a seizure. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that a 6-week intensive education program in epilepsy increased the knowledge and practical skills and changed the attitude toward patients with epilepsy of undergraduate students.