Validation of the questionnaire to measure Chilean teachers' perception of school violence and coexistence management (VI+GEC).

In this article, we present the development and validation of a psychometric scale that measures the teacher's perception in the Chilean school system with respect to elements of school violence and coexistence management. The novelty lies in the incorporation of factors that address violence from teachers to students, from students to teachers and coexistence management. A total of 1072 teachers from the Northern, Central, Southern and Metropolitan macro-zones of Chile participated, with ages between 22 and 76 years (M=44.56; SD=10.52) and from 1 to 54 years of work (M=17.14; SD=10.38). 76.3% identify with the female gender and 23.7% with the male gender. Of the teachers, 78.4% worked mainly in the classroom and the rest performed managerial or administrative functions outside the classroom in the school. The school violence and coexistence management questionnaire for teachers (VI+GEC) was used. The validity of the scale was demonstrated by means of Confirmatory Factor Analysis, convergent validity analysis and discriminant validity. Reliability was demonstrated by means of McDonald's omega coefficient in all the factors of the scale. An analysis with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) found a mean, and statistically significant influence of the perception of coexistence management on the perception of school violence. The findings are discussed in terms of previous research on school violence and coexistence management.

Intra- and Inter-Individual Associations of Family-to-Work Conflict, Psychological Distress, and Job Satisfaction: Gender Differences in Dual-Earner Parents during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic changed the work-family interface dynamics in some families. For couples who kept earning a double income during the pandemic, their family demands may entail a loss of psychological resources that affect the work domain. This study explored the intra-individual and inter-individual (crossover) direct and indirect effects of family-to-work conflict (FtoWC) on psychological distress and job satisfaction in a non-probabilistic sample of 860 different-sex dual-earner parents with adolescent children from Temuco and Rancagua, Chile. Mothers and fathers answered an online questionnaire measuring FtoWC, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, and the Overall Job Satisfaction Scale. The data were analyzed using the actor-partner interdependence model with structural equation modeling. Results showed that a higher FtoWC is linked to greater psychological distress and lower job satisfaction in both parents. In contrast, psychological distress is directly linked to lower job satisfaction in fathers. In both fathers and mothers, they and their partners' FtoWC were indirectly linked to lower job satisfaction via the fathers' psychological distress. These findings indicate the need for gender-sensitive social and labor policies aimed at reducing the conflict between family and work to increase job satisfaction in both parents and reduce psychological distress, particularly in fathers.

Food purchasing and preparation patterns by gender during the COVID-19 lockdown in Chilean workers / Patrones de compra y preparación de alimentos según género durante la cuarentena por COVID-19 en trabajadores chilenos

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the demands that workers face regarding household food-related tasks, such as grocery shopping and cooking. The literature shows that there are differences in these demands by gender, but also based on other sociodemographic characteristics, such as schooling level. The aim of this study was to compare food purchasing and preparation patterns by gender in Chilean workers, before the COVID-19 lockdown and during the first six weeks of lockdown. The study was cross-sectional, and data was collected for the first wave of a multi-country study in April 2020. The sample was composed of 317 participants who were employed during lockdown (67.8% women, mean age of 38.14). Participants answered sociodemographic questions and reported their food purchasing and preparing practices before and during lockdown. Analysis of comparison of proportions was used. On average, during lockdown, men increased their involvement in grocery shopping while women cooked more. Overall, female workers have turned to food-related tasks more often during the pandemic than male workers. This study shows the extent to which workers have changed their degree of involvement in food-related tasks, accounting for conditions such as gender roles, schooling level and working from home. These findings can inform interventions and policies that reinforce advantageous changes brought on by lockdown measures (e.g., home-cooking) to contribute to workers' and their families' food-related well-being during and in the aftermath of the pandemic.

Resumen La pandemia por COVID-19 ha aumentado las demandas que enfrentan los trabajadores con respecto a su alimentación, como comprar alimentos y cocinar. Estudios muestran diferencias de género en estas demandas, pero también según características sociodemográficas como el nivel de escolaridad. Este estudio comparó patrones de compra y preparación de alimentos por género en trabajadores chilenos, antes y durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Este estudio es de corte transversal y utilizó datos de la primera ola de un estudio multinacional realizado en abril de 2020. La muestra fue 317 participantes que tenían trabajo durante el confinamiento (67.8 % mujeres, edad promedio de 38.14). Los participantes respondieron preguntas sociodemográficas y reportaron sus prácticas de compra y preparación de alimentos antes y durante el confinamiento. Se utilizó el análisis de comparación de proporciones. Durante el confinamiento, los hombres realizaron más compras de alimentos y las mujeres cocinaron más. Las mujeres se dedicaron a tareas relacionadas con la alimentación con más frecuencia durante la pandemia que los hombres. Este estudio muestra que personas trabajadoras han cambiado su nivel de involucramiento en tareas de alimentación durante la pandemia, tomando en cuenta condiciones como los roles de género, escolaridad y teletrabajo. Estos hallazgos pueden guiar intervenciones y políticas que refuercen ventajas derivadas de las medidas de confinamiento (e.g., cocinar en casa), para contribuir al bienestar alimentario de personas trabajadoras y sus familias durante y después de la pandemia.

Validation of an Abbreviated Scale of the CENVI Questionnaire to Evaluate the Perception of School Violence and Coexistence Management of Chilean Students: Differences between Pandemic and Post-Pandemic.

The objective of the study was to specify an abbreviated model of the school coexistence questionnaire for non-violence (CENVI) for students from 5th to 8th grade (9 to 14 years old), in order to determine the perception of violence and management of school coexistence, and the differences between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students. A total of 1870 students from schools in the city of Temuco (Chile) responded to the CENVI questionnaire. There were two samples: (1) Pandemic, with online, face-to-face and hybrid classes; and (2) Post-pandemic, with face-to-face classes. Sample 1 consisted of 848 students aged 9 to 15 years (M = 11.90; SD = 1.27). Sample 2 consisted of 1022 students aged 9 to 14 years (M = 11.46; SD = 1.14). The questionnaire was validated using expert inter-judgment and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. A good fit of the proposed model to the data and good internal consistency measured according to the composite reliability were found, and convergent validity was demonstrated. Mapuche students perceived more physical violence and social exclusion. Cut-off points were proposed for the interpretation of the results. In the data, the effect of Coexistence Management on School Violence was null. The discussion approaches the findings from the literature on education in spaces of socio-cultural diversity in a Mapuche context.

Changes in food habits and food-related satisfaction before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in dual-earner families with adolescents

Introduction: Food habits have been associated with positive outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Family members may share protective factors, but each member may also respond differently to the pandemic. Aim: To examine food habits in different-sex dual-earner parents with adolescents, comparing reports from late 2019 before the pandemic (T1) and mid- 2020 during the pandemic (T2) in Temuco, Chile. Method: A sample of 193 families composed of mother, father, and one adolescent aged 10 to 15 responded to a questionnaire at T1 and T2. Non-parametric tests were used to compare family food-related habits and the satisfaction with food-related life of each family member at T1 and T2. An Actor-Partner Interdependence Model was conducted to explore relations between T1 and T2 variables and between family members. Results: Frequency of family meals increased during the pandemic, and mothers increased their cooking hours. All family members improved their diet quality during the pandemic. Perceived family meal atmosphere and satisfaction with food-related life did not change. T1 food habits were not associated with T2 satisfaction with food-related life. Conclusion: These families changed their food-related habits during the pandemic, but their food-related life assessment was similar before and during the pandemic.

Introducción: Las prácticas alimentarias se han asociado con mayor bienestar durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Aunque en una familia se comparten condiciones de vida, cada miembro puede responder de modo diferente a la pandemia. Objetivo: Examinar las prácticas alimentarias en parejas con doble ingreso e hijos adolescentes, comparando reportes antes de la pandemia (finales de 2019, T1) y durante la pandemia (mediados de 2020, T2) en Temuco, Chile. Método: 193 familias compuestas por madre, padre y un hijo adolescente de 10 a 15 años respondieron un cuestionario en T1 y T2. Se utilizaron pruebas no-paramétricas para comparar hábitos alimentarios y satisfacción con la alimentación para cada miembro de la familia en T1 y T2. Se exploraron las relaciones entre variables en T1 y T2, y entre miembros de la familia usando el modelo de interdependencia de actor-compañero. Resultados: La frecuencia de las comidas familiares y las horas que la madre dedicó diariamente a cocinar aumentaron durante la pandemia. Los tres miembros de la familia mejoraron la calidad de su dieta durante la pandemia. La atmósfera percibida de comidas familiares y la satisfacción con la alimentación no cambiaron. Los hábitos alimentarios del T1 no incidieron en la satisfacción con la alimentación en T2. Conclusión: Los hábitos alimenticios de estas familias cambiaron durante la pandemia, pero la evaluación de su vida alimentaria fue similar antes y durante la pandemia.

Revisiting the link between domain satisfaction and life satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic: Job-related moderators in triadic analysis in dual-earner parents with adolescent children.

Introduction: Research has evaluated the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns on individuals' life satisfaction, but wellbeing interrelations between family members in this context have been less explored. This study examined the spillover and crossover effects of one parent's job satisfaction (JS), satisfaction with family life (SWFaL) and satisfaction with food-related life (SWFoL) on their own, their partner's, and their adolescent children's life satisfaction (LS), and the influence of adolescents' SWFaL and SWFoL on their own and their parents' LS, in dual-earner families with adolescents. The moderating role of job-related variables of both parents were also explored. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to 860 dual-earner parents with adolescents in two cities in Chile during 2020. Mothers and fathers answered the Overall Job Satisfaction Scale and the three family members answered the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Satisfaction with Family Life Scale and the Satisfaction with Food-related Life Scale. Results: Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model and structural equation modeling, we found that fathers' LS was positively associated with their own JS, SWFaL and SWFoL (spillover), and negatively with adolescents' SWFoL (crossover). Likewise, mothers' LS was positively associated with their own JS, SWFaL and SWFoL (spillover), with fathers' and adolescents' SWFaL, and negatively with adolescents' SWFoL. Adolescents' LS was positively associated with their own SWFaL and SWFoL (spillover), and with their fathers' JS, and negatively with their fathers' SWFoL. JS showed gendered patterns in spillover and crossover associations. Parents' type of employment, mothers' working hours and city of residence moderated some spillover and crossover associations for father-mother and parent-adolescent dyads. Discussion: These findings suggest that, for dual-earner parents with adolescents, improving individuals' LS requires interventions that should be carried out not individually, but at a family level.

Job satisfaction as a mediator between family-to-work conflict and satisfaction with family life: a dyadic analysis in dual-earner parents.

Family-to-work conflict has received less attention in the literature compared to work-to-family conflict. This gap in knowledge is more pronounced during the COVID-19 pandemic, despite the documented increase in family responsibilities in detriment of work performance, particularly for women. Job satisfaction has been identified as a mediator between the family and work domains for the individual, but these family-to-work dynamics remain unexplored at a dyadic level during the pandemic. Therefore, this study tested the relationship between family-to-work conflict and job and family satisfaction, and the mediating role of job satisfaction between family-to-work conflict and family satisfaction, in dual-earner parents. A non-probability sample of 430 dual-earner parents with adolescent children were recruited in Rancagua, Chile. Mothers and fathers answered an online questionnaire with a measure of family-to-work conflict, the Job Satisfaction Scale and Satisfaction with Family Life Scale. Data was analysed using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model with structural equation modelling. Results showed that, for individuals, a higher family-to-work conflict is linked to lower satisfaction with both their job and family life, and these two types of satisfaction are positively associated with one another. Both parents experience a double negative effect on their family life satisfaction, due to their own, and to their partner's family-to-work conflict; however, for fathers, this effect from their partner occurs via their own job satisfaction. Limitations and implications of this study are discussed, indicating the need of family-oriented workplace policies with a gender perspective to increase satisfaction in the family domain for workers and their families.

Contributions of Work-to-Family Enrichment to Parental Food Monitoring and Satisfaction with Food-Related Life during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Dual-Earner Parents and Their Adolescent Children.

Evidence shows that numerous family-related variables influence parents' use of different food parenting practices (FPP), but less is known about the influence of parents' work-related variables on their use of FPP, and their own and their children's outcomes in the food domain. To fill this gap, the present study explored intra-individual and inter-individual effects between work-to-family enrichment (WtoFE), parents' monitoring practices, the adolescent's perception of their parents' monitoring practices, and the three family members' satisfaction with food-related life (SWFoL), in different-sex dual-earner parents with adolescent children. The mediating role of monitoring between WtoFE and SWFoL was also tested. A sample of 430 different-sex dual-earner parents and one of their adolescent children (average age 13.0 years, 53.7% female) were recruited in Rancagua, Chile, during March and June 2020. The three family members answered the monitoring dimension of the Compressive Feeding Practices Questionnaire and the Satisfaction with Food-Related Life Scale. Parents answered a measure of WtoFE based on the Work−Home Interaction Survey. Analyses were conducted using the Actor−Partner Interdependence Model and structural equation modelling. Results showed a positive association between WtoFE and SWFoL, directly (p < 0.001) and through monitoring in fathers (95% confidence interval [0.010, 0.097], actor effect). The father's (p = 0.042) and mother's (p = 0.006) WtoFE was positively associated with their adolescent's SWFoL (partner effects). The father's (p = 0.002) and mother's (p = 0.036) WtoFE were positively associated with their own monitoring (actor effect), while only the father's WtoFE (p = 0.014) was positively associated with the adolescent's perception of their parents' monitoring (partner effect). The father's (p = 0.018) and mother's (p = 0.003) monitoring, as well as the adolescents' perception of their parents' monitoring (p = 0.033), were positively associated with their own SWFoL (actor effects), while the mother's monitoring (p = 0.043) was also associated with the father's SWFoL (partner effects). Findings suggest that both parents' WtoFE improved their monitoring practices, which, in turn, improved their own SWFoL and their adolescent child's SWFoL. Policymakers and organizations must aim to promote the WtoFE of working parents.

Relationships between diet quality, food satisfaction and life satisfaction in mother-adolescent dyads.

This study examined the relationships between diet quality, satisfaction with food-related life and life satisfaction in mother-adolescent dyads. The sample consisted of 470 mother-adolescent dyads in Temuco, Chile. Mothers and adolescents responded to the Adapted Healthy Eating Index, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Satisfaction with Food-related Life scale. Data was analyzed using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Diet quality was associated with satisfaction with food-related life, which related to life satisfaction in mothers and adolescents. We did not find direct relationships between diet quality and life satisfaction for either dyad member. Adolescents' diet quality negatively affected their mothers' satisfaction with food-related life; adolescents' food-related life was positively associated with their mothers' life satisfaction. The mothers' satisfaction with food-related life played a mediating role between their own diet quality and life satisfaction. Mothers and their adolescent children affect one another in their dietary patterns and life satisfaction. Child-to-mother influences on food-related experiences show that adolescents' satisfaction with food-related life improves their own and their mothers' life satisfaction. Interventions to promote healthy eating habits must be addressed to both mothers and their adolescent children.

Parents' Modeling During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Influences on Family Members' Diet Quality and Satisfaction With-Food-Related Life in Dual-Earner Parents With Adolescent Children.

Reciprocal family influences in the food domain have been little explored, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. To fill in this gap, this study explored actor and partner effects between parents' food modeling and parents' and their adolescent children's diet quality and satisfaction with food-related life (SWFoL); and the mediating role of diet quality between modeling and SWFoL. This study used a cross-sectional design. A sample of 430 different-sex dual-earner parents and one adolescent child were recruited in Rancagua, Chile, between March and June 2020. Parents answered the modeling dimension of the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire. Parents and adolescents answered the Adapted Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) and the SWFoL Scale. Analyses were conducted using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model and structural equation modeling. Results showed that one parent's modeling enhanced diet quality for themselves, their partner, and the adolescents. Parents' modeling was associated with their own SWFoL, directly and via their own diet quality. There were positive associations between mothers' modeling and adolescents' SWFoL; between mothers' diet quality and fathers' SWFoL; and between mothers' modeling and fathers' SWFoL via the fathers' diet quality. Parents' modeling can improve the three family members' diet quality, while mothers' modeling and diet quality showed to improve fathers' and adolescents' SWFoL.

Effects of work-to-family enrichment on psychological distress and family satisfaction: A dyadic analysis in dual-earner parents.

Resources that individuals acquire at work can have significant effects on their own well-being and family satisfaction, and on those of their closest family relations. Following the conservation of resources theory, this study examined the effects of work-to-family enrichment (WFE) on psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and stress) and family satisfaction (SWFaL) in different-gender dual-earner parents. The sample consisted of 473 couples - mother and father - from Temuco, Chile, who answered the Work-Family Interface scale, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, and the Satisfaction with Family Scale. The analysis was conducted using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM). Results showed that WFE was positively associated with SWFaL for both mothers and fathers (actor effects), whereas higher WFE was linked to lower psychological distress only in fathers. For mothers and fathers, psychological distress was negatively associated with their own (actor effects) and the other parent's SWFAL (partner effects). The mediating role of psychological distress was found only for fathers' WFE and their SWFaL. These results indicate that resources from work can increase family satisfaction for both fathers and mothers in dual-earner couples with adolescent children. However, in these couples, fathers acquire affective resources (positive mood) that reduce their own psychological distress, while mothers acquire skills (managing time at home more efficiently) that they invest directly in the family domain.

Family-to-work enrichment associations between family meal atmosphere and job satisfaction in dual-earner parents.

Research on factors related to job satisfaction in parents has mainly focused on work-related variables, paying less attention to family events that may provide parents with resources to invest in the work domain. To contribute to this body of knowledge, this study examined the associations between family meal atmosphere and job satisfaction in dual-earner parents with adolescent children, and tested the mediating role of family-to-work enrichment (FtoWE) between family meal atmosphere and job satisfaction. Questionnaires were administered to 473 different-gender dual-earner parents in Temuco, Chile. Participants answered the Project-EAT Atmosphere of family meals scale, three items that measure FWE from the Work-Home Interaction Survey, and the Overall Job Satisfaction Scale. Analyses were conducted using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model and structural equation modelling. A positive association was found from family meal atmosphere to job satisfaction, directly and via FtoWE in fathers, and only via FtoWE in mothers. No associations were found for these variables between parents, as, one parent's perception of a pleasant family meal atmosphere is positively associated with their own FtoWE and job satisfaction, but not with those of the other parent. These findings suggest policymakers and organizations to account for workers' experiences in the family domain to improve satisfaction in the work domain.

Family profiles based on family life satisfaction in dual-earner households with adolescent children in Chile.

Research has stressed the importance of the family domain for the individual's well-being, but the heterogeneity/homogeneity of satisfaction with family life between and within families have not previously assessed. This study identifies family profiles based on the level of family life satisfaction in mother-father-adolescent triads and determines whether profiles differ in terms of the three family members' perceived family support, importance assigned to the family, both parents' work-life balance and mental health, and the household's economic situation. The sample was composed of 303 families of different-sex dual-earner parents with one child aged between 10 and 17 years, from Temuco, Chile. A Latent Profile Analysis was used to identify three profiles: Families with low family satisfaction (17.80%), Families with medium family satisfaction (68.14%), and Families with high family satisfaction (14.06%). Profiles also differed in the three family members' perceived family support and importance assigned to the family, both parents' work-life balance and mental health, and in the household's income. Mothers, fathers, and adolescents in these profiles also differed from one another in these variables. The main variable related to the family members' satisfaction with family life was the parents' mental health problems. Family life satisfaction in dual-earner couples with adolescent children is heterogenous, and these profiles draw attention to indicators of parent-child well-being. Families with lower levels of family satisfaction require particular attention in research and interventions, as these families may report a lower household income, and the parents may experience higher rates of depression, anxiety, and stress, and diverging levels of work-life balance.

Las investigaciones han acentuado la importancia del ámbito familiar para el bienestar de las personas, pero la heterogeneidad/homogeneidad de la satisfacción con la vida familiar entre las familias y dentro de estas no se ha evaluado previamente. En este estudio se reconocen los perfiles familiares basados en el nivel de satisfacción con la vida familiar en triadas madre-padre-adolescente, y se determina si los perfiles difieren desde el punto de vista del apoyo familiar percibido por los tres miembros de la familia, la importancia asignada a la familia, el equilibrio entre el trabajo y la vida, la salud mental de ambos padres, y la situación económica del hogar. La muestra estuvo conformada por 303 familias de padres de distinto sexo que aportaban ingresos con un niño de entre 10 y 17 años de Temuco, Chile. Se usó un análisis de perfiles latentes para identificar tres perfiles: familias con una satisfacción familiar baja (17.80 %), familias con una satisfacción familiar media (68.14 %) y familias con una satisfacción familiar alta (14.06 %). Los perfiles también difirieron en el apoyo familiar percibido por los tres miembros de la familia y la importancia asignada a la familia, el equilibrio entre el trabajo y la vida, la salud mental de ambos padres, y los ingresos del hogar. Las madres, los padres y los adolescentes de estos perfiles también se diferenciaron unos de otros en estas variables. La principal variable relacionada con la satisfacción de los miembros de la familia con la vida familiar fue los problemas de salud mental de los padres. La satisfacción con la vida familiar en las parejas donde tanto el padre como la madre aportan ingresos y tienen hijos adolescentes es heterogénea, y esos perfiles dirigen la atención hacia los indicadores del bienestar de los padres y los hijos. Las familias con niveles bajos de satisfacción familiar necesitan que se les preste particular atención en las investigaciones y en las intervenciones, ya que estas familias pueden informar ingresos más bajos en el hogar y los padres pueden sufrir índices más altos de depresión, ansiedad y estrés, y tener diferentes niveles de equilibrio entre la vida y el trabajo.

Diet quality during the COVID-19 pandemic: Effects of workplace support for families and work-to-family enrichment in dual-earner parents with adolescent children.

Organizational support goes beyond the work domain, supporting workers' family role and thus generating resources that lead to work-to-family enrichment. Workers may invest these resources in improving their, and their family's, diet quality. However, data on the link between work resources, enrichment and diet quality during the COVID-19 pandemic is still emerging. The present study contributes to this literature by exploring the actor and partner effects between perceived workplace support for families, work-to-family enrichment, and diet quality in different-sex dual-earner parents with adolescent children; the potential mediating role of work-to-family enrichment between perceived workplace support for families and diet quality was also explored. A sample of 430 different-sex dual-earner parents and one of their adolescent children (mean age 13.0 years, 53.7% female) were recruited in Rancagua, Chile, during March and June 2020. Mothers and fathers responded to a measure of work-to-family enrichment, and a measure of Perceived Workplace Support for Families. The three family members answered the Adapted Healthy Eating Index. Analyses were conducted using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model and structural equation modelling. Results showed that fathers' perceived workplace support for families positively and directly affected their own diet quality (actor effect) as well as the mothers' diet quality (partner effect), while indirectly positively affected the adolescents' diet quality via work-to-family enrichment (partner effect). Mothers' perceived workplace support for families enhanced their own work-to-family enrichment, which in turn improved their diet quality (actor effects). These results suggest that resources that both parents acquire through family-friendly workplace policies have positive effects on the three family members' diet quality by different mechanisms. Policymakers and organizations must aim to promote family-friendly workplace policies, particularly during ongoing crisis such as a pandemic.

School engagement profiles in Chilean secondary students.

School engagement is considered a key variable in promoting educational trajectories. Previous research shows that maintaining high levels of school engagement is fundamental, given its association with multiple academic results and lower-risk behaviors. This article aims to show how school engagement profiles (based on the behavioral, affective, and cognitive subdimensions) relate to academic achievement (math and language), contextual factors (family, teachers, and peer support), and gender. This study involved 527 students enrolled in the 1st year of secondary education in public schools in Chile. All students came from vulnerable schools. Our study used cluster analysis to identify students' profiles. We identified the existence of three different profiles of school engagement (high, medium, and low) considering the three subdimensions of school engagement (behavioral, affective and cognitive). Secondly, ANOVA analysis showed differences in language and math academic achievement scores between the profiles, where higher engagement students showed higher academic performance in language and math. These findings are consistent with previous studies showing that contextual factors strongly influence school engagement and better behavioral engagement in female than male students. It will discuss the pertinence of person-centered approaches focusing on combinations of variables within students rather than taking each variable as the focal point when analyzing goals. These techniques are a favorable methodological alternative to investigate why some students have better results than others instead of just ranking students by their performance. It will conclude with some future lines of research and practical implications.

Perception of School Violence: Indicators of Normalization in Mapuche and Non-Mapuche Students.

The current social and political scenario in Chile has opened up the debate on two centuries of usurpation and discrimination towards the Mapuche people. Educational centers are not oblivious to the social exclusion faced by indigenous children and young people, and this forms part of the phenomenon of school violence. This study explores the differences in perception between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students regarding school violence. The issue is the lack of knowledge regarding cultural variations in the perception of school violence in spaces of social and cultural diversity in the Mapuche context. This study describes the characteristics of school violence perceived by students in relation to differences based on ancestry and characterizes the variations in perception. A total of 1404 students participated from urban schools in the city of Temuco, Chile, aged 10 to 13 (M = 11.4; SD = 1.1) who completed the CENVI questionnaire. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the total sample and categories provides indexes that fit the proposed model. The omega coefficients provide internal reliability guarantees. This study tests configural, metric and scalar invariance for all the categories explored, and statistically significant differences are found between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students in the perception of physical and verbal violence, where the Mapuche student perceives more violence. Results are discussed based on existing research on education in spaces of social and cultural diversity in the Mapuche context, with research into elements that can help explain the findings.

Relationships between diet quality, food satisfaction and life satisfaction in mother-adolescent dyads / Relaciones entre calidad de la dieta, satisfacción con la alimentación y con la vida en díadas madre-adolescente / Relações entre qualidade da dieta, satisfação com a alimentação e satisfação com a vida em pares mãe-adolescente

This study examined the relationships between diet quality, satisfaction with food-related life and life satisfaction in mother-adolescent dyads. The sample consisted of 470 mother-adolescent dyads in Temuco, Chile. Mothers and adolescents responded to the Adapted Healthy Eating Index, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Satisfaction with Food-related Life scale. Data was analyzed using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Diet quality was associated with satisfaction with food-related life, which related to life satisfaction in mothers and adolescents. We did not find direct relationships between diet quality and life satisfaction for either dyad member. Adolescents' diet quality negatively affected their mothers' satisfaction with food-related life; adolescents' food-related life was positively associated with their mothers' life satisfaction. The mothers' satisfaction with food-related life played a mediating role between their own diet quality and life satisfaction. Mothers and their adolescent children affect one another in their dietary patterns and life satisfaction. Child-to-mother influences on food-related experiences show that adolescents' satisfaction with food-related life improves their own and their mothers' life satisfaction. Interventions to promote healthy eating habits must be addressed to both mothers and their adolescent children.

Este estudió examinó las interrelaciones entre calidad de la dieta, satisfacción con la alimentación -relacionada con la vida, y satisfacción con la vida en díadas madre-adolescente. Se reclutó una muestra de 470 díadas madre-adolescente en Temuco, Chile. Las madres y adolescentes respondieron al Índice de Alimentación Saludable Adaptado, Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida, y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Alimentación. Se analizaron los datos usando el Modelo de Interdependencia Actor-Pareja (APIM) y el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales. La calidad de la dieta está asociada con la satisfacción con la alimentación, y la última está asociada con la satisfacción con la vida, en madres y adolescentes. No se encontraron relaciones directas entre la calidad de la dieta y la satisfacción con la vida para ningún miembro de la díada. La calidad de la dieta de los adolescentes tuvo un efecto negativo en la satisfacción con la alimentación de las madres; la satisfacción con la alimentación de los adolescentes estuvo positivamente asociada con la satisfacción con la vida de sus madres. La satisfacción con la alimentación de las madres tuvo un papel mediador entre la calidad de su propia dieta y su satisfacción con la vida. Las madres y sus hijos adolescentes se influencia mutuamente en sus hábitos alimentarios y satisfacción con la vida. Se encontró que las influencias hijo/a-madre tienen un impacto en las experiencias relacionadas con la comida, mostrando que la satisfacción con la alimentación de los adolescentes potencia su propia satisfacción con la vida y la de sus madres. Las intervenciones para promover hábitos saludables en la alimentación deben dirigirse tanto a las madres como a sus hijos adolescentes.

O estudo examinou as interrelações entre qualidade da dieta, satisfação com a alimentação e satisfação com a vida em pares de mães e adolescentes. Foi recrutada uma amostra de 470 pares mãe-adolescente em Temuco, Chile. As mães e adolescentes responderam o questionário do Índice Adaptado de Alimentação Saudável, a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida e a Escala de Satisfação com a Alimentação. Os dados foram analisados com o modelo de interdependência ator-parceiro (APIM) e modelagem de equações estruturais. A qualidade da dieta está associada com a satisfação com a alimentação, e esta está associada com a satisfação com a vida, entre mães e adolescentes. Tanto nas mães quanto nos filhos adolescentes, não foram observadas relações diretas entre qualidade da dieta e satisfação com a vida. A qualidade da dieta dos adolescentes teve um efeito negative sobre a satisfação das mães com a alimentação; a satisfação dos adolescentes com a alimentação esteve associada positivamente à satisfação das mães com a vida. A satisfação das mães com a alimentação teve um papel mediador entre a qualidade de sua própria dieta e a satisfação com a vida. As mães e seus filhos adolescentes afetam uns aos outros nos padrões de dieta e satisfação com a vida. Foram identificadas influências de filho para mãe nas experiências relacionadas à alimentação, o que demonstra que a satisfação dos adolescentes com a alimentação potencializa a satisfação com a vida, tanto deles e quanto de suas mães. Devem ser realizadas intervenções no sentido de promover hábitos alimentares saudáveis entre as mães e seus filhos adolescentes.

Spillover-crossover effects for satisfaction with food-related life in dual-earner parents with adolescent children / Efectos spillover-crossover respecto a la satisfacción con la alimentación en parejas asalariadas con hijos adolescentes / Efeitos spillover-crossover na satisfação com a vida alimentar em famílias com filhos adolescentes nas quais ambos os pais trabalham fora de casa

This study aimed to examine spillover and crossover associations between parents' family support, work-life balance, and satisfaction with food-related life in dual-earner parents with adolescent children. The mediating role of work-life balance in these relationships was also explored. This is a cross-sectional study with mothers, fathers and adolescent children from Temuco, Chile as participants. The sample comprised 303 families of different-sex dual-earner parents with adolescent children (mean age 13.3, 51.5% female). The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) was used to examine spillover (actor effects) and crossover (partner effects) associations between family members. Positive spillover effects were found for both parents (p < 0.001). Crossover effects were found from fathers' support and work-life balance, respectively, to mothers' work-life balance and satisfaction with food-related life (p < 0.001). No crossover effects were found between parents' work-life balance and their children's satisfaction with food-related life (p > 0.1). Work-life balance had a complete mediating role between parents' family support and satisfaction with food-related life in mothers (bias-corrected, 95%CI: -0.191; 0.093), and a partial role in fathers (bias-corrected, 95%CI: 0.007; 0.295). Spillover and crossover effects between parents' family support and work-life balance in dual-earner parents are associated with increased satisfaction with food-related life. Interventions to promote food-related life satisfaction in dual-earner parents should address both the work and other life roles that these parents fulfill.

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar las asociaciones spillover y crossover entre el apoyo familiar, equilibrio entre trabajo-vida, y satisfacción vital relacionada con la comida en parejas de asalariados con hijos adolescentes. También se investigó el papel mediador del equilibrio entre trabajo-vida en estas relaciones. El diseño del estudio fue transversal, y los participantes fueron madres, padres y niños adolescentes de Temuco, Chile. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 303 familias con padres asalariados de diferente sexo e hijos adolescentes (media de edad 13,3, 51,5% mujeres). Se usó el Modelo de Interdependencia Actor-Pareja (APIM por sus siglas en inglés) para examinar asociaciones secundarias (efectos de actor) y transversales (efectos de pareja) entre los miembros de la familia. Se encontraron efectos positivos secundarios en ambos padres (p < 0,001). Se hallaron efectos crossover desde el apoyo familiar y equilibrio entre trabajo-vida de los padres, respectivamente, hasta el equilibrio entre trabajo-vida y satisfacción con la alimentación de las madres (p < 0,001). No se encontraron efectos spillover entre el equilibrio entre trabajo-vida de los padres y la satisfacción con la alimentación de su hijos (p > 0,1). El equilibrio entre trabajo-vida tuvo un rol mediador completo entre el apoyo familiar y satisfacción con la alimentación en madres (corregido por sesgo, IC95%: -0,191; 0,093), y un papel parcial en padres (corregido por sesgo, IC95%: 0,007; 0,295). Los efectos spillover y crossover entre apoyo familiar y equilibrio entre trabajo-vida en padres asalariados están asociados con la satisfacción con la alimentación. Las intervenciones para promover la satisfacción con la alimentación en parejas asalariadas deberían dirigirse tanto al trabajo, como hacia otros roles de la vida con los que deben cumplir los progenitores.

O estudo buscou examinar as associações de spillover e crossover entre apoio familiar, equilíbrio trabalho-vida e satisfação com a vida alimentar em famílias com filhos adolescentes nas quais ambos os pais trabalham fora de casa. Foi explorado também o papel mediador do equilíbrio trabalho-vida nessas relações. O estudo adotou um desenho transversal, e os participantes eram mães, pais e filhos adolescentes na cidade de Temuco, Chile. A amostra consistia em 303 famílias de pais heterossexuais com duas rendas de trabalho e com filhos adolescentes (média de idade 13,3 anos; 51,5% do sexo feminino). Foi usado o Modelo de Interdependência Ator-Parceiro (APIM) para examinar as associações de spillover (efeitos de ator) e crossover (efeitos de parceiros) entre os membros da família. Foram encontrados efeitos positivos de spillover para ambos os pais (p < 0,001). Foram encontrados efeitos de crossover do apoio familiar e equilíbrio trabalho-vida dos pais, respectivamente, e em relação ao equilíbrio trabalho-vida e satisfação com a vida alimentar das mães (p < 0,001). Não foram encontrados efeitos de crossover entre o equilíbrio trabalho-vida parental e a satisfação com a vida alimentar dos filhos (p > 0,1). O equilíbrio trabalho-vida teve papel mediador completo entre o apoio familiar e a satisfação com a vida alimentar nas mães (IC95%, viés-corrigido: -0,191; 0,093) e papel parcial nos pais (IC95%, viés-corrigido: 0,007; 0,295). Os efeitos de spillover e crossover entre apoio familiar e equilíbrio trabalho-vida em famílias cujos ambos os pais trabalhavam fora de casa mostraram associação com aumento de satisfação com a vida relacionada à alimentação. As intervenções para promover a satisfação com a vida relacionada à alimentação devem levar em conta as atividades laborais e outros papeis vitais desempenhados por esses pais e mães.

Cross-cultural measurement invariance in the Satisfaction with Life Scale in Chilean and Spanish university students / Invarianza de medida transcultural en la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida en estudiantes universitarios de Chile y España

Abstract Introduction: The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a widely used measure of an individuals' cognitive assessment of subjective well-being. The SWLS has been validated in several contexts and populations, but its cross-cultural measurement invariance in emerging adult samples remains barely explored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurement invariance of the SWLS in university students from Chile and Spain and according to gender. Method: A non-probabilistic sample of 165 university students from Chile (66.7% women, Mage = 21.9, SD = 2.35), and 109 students from Spain (48.6% women; Mage = 22.9, SD = 2.4) completed the SWLS. Results: Using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, results showed that the SWLS exhibited configural, metric and scalar invariance in the comparison between the Chilean and Spanish student samples and also according to gender. Conclusions: This finding allows for significant latent mean comparisons between cross-cultural samples. Moreover, this study supports the SWLS as a valid instrument which provides data that can inform policies in order to improve the subjective well-being of university students of both genders, both in developed and developing Spanish-speaking countries.

Resumen Introducción: La Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) es un instrumento ampliamente utilizado para la evaluación cognitiva del bienestar subjetivo de los individuos. La SWLS ha sido validada en numerosos contextos y poblaciones, pero la invarianza de medida a nivel transcultural en adultos emergentes ha sido poco explorada. El propósito de este artículo fue evaluar la invarianza de medida de la SWLS en estudiantes universitarios de Chile y España y según género. Método: Una muestra no probabilística de 165 estudiantes universitarios de Chile (66.7% mujeres, edad promedio = 21.9, DE = 2.35) y 109 estudiantes de España (48.6% mujeres, edad promedio = 22.9, DE = 2.4) completaron la SWLS. Resultados: Por medio de un análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo, los resultados mostraron que la SWLS exhibió invarianza configural, métrica y escalar en la comparación entre las muestras de estudiantes chilenos y españoles y según género. Conclusión: Este hallazgo muestra que la SWLS permite comparaciones significativas de medias latentes entre muestras transculturales universitarias. Además, este estudio aporta evidencia de la SWLS como un instrumento válido que puede guiar la creación de políticas para mejorar el bienestar subjetivo de los estudiantes universitarios de ambos géneros, tanto en países desarrollados como en desarrollo de habla hispana.

Eating styles profiles in Chilean women: A latent Profile analysis.

The aims of this study were to identify profiles of women based on their levels of emotional, external and restraint eating, and to determine differences in these eating styles profiles based on nutritional status, sociodemographic characteristics, stress, social support, and satisfaction with the body image. Questionnaires were administered to 884 women aged 20 to 60 living in two Chilean cities. Questionnaires included the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), the Medical Outcomes Study-Social Support Survey, and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Satisfaction with body image was assessed using a body-image-related single question. Nutritional status and sociodemographic characteristics were also assessed. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was used to identify profiles based on the three eating styles measured by the DEBQ. LPA allowed to distinguish four eating styles profiles: "women with medium emotional and external eating, high dietary restraint" (Profile 1, 36.64%); "women with low emotional, external and restraint eating" (Profile 2, 25.25%), "women with high emotional, external and restraint eating" (Profile 3, 21.85%); and "women with very low emotional and external eating, low dietary restraint" (Profile 4, 16.26%). Profile 1 had a greater proportion of women moderately satisfied with their body image. Profiles 2 and 4 scored higher in perceived social support and had greater proportions of women satisfied with their body image. Profile 4 had a higher proportion of married or cohabiting women. Profile 3 scored higher in the PSS and had higher proportion of obese and unsatisfied with their body image women. These results suggest that interventions to reduce emotional, external and restraint eating should not only involve the women, but also their family members.