ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Management of mandible angle fractures can be challenging within the confines of the oral cavity where the use of linear instruments may result in structural weakness or malalignment secondary to improper placement. A right angle drill can facilitate a more ergonomic approach, with direct perpendicular placement of the instrument over the angle fracture. In addition, local soft tissue strain is minimized, and the need for a transcutaneous exposure can be avoided for additional plate placement. The right angle drill technique is simple, reproducible, and can be easily incorporated into routine mandible angle fracture management.
Subject(s)
Fracture Fixation, Internal , Jaw Fixation Techniques , Mandibular Fractures , Mandibular Reconstruction , Bone Plates , Fracture Fixation, Internal/methods , Humans , Mandible , Mandibular Fractures/diagnostic imaging , Mandibular Fractures/surgery , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
The chromatin state is finely tuned to regulate function and specificity for transcription factors such as oestrogen receptor alpha (ER), which contributes to cell growth in breast cancer. ER transcriptional potential is mediated, in large part, by the specific associated proteins and co-factors that interact with it. Despite the identification and characterisation of several ER coregulators, a complete and systematic view of ER-regulating chromatin modifiers is lacking. By exploiting a focused siRNA screen that investigated the requirement for a library of 330 chromatin regulators in ER-mediated cell growth, we find that the NuRD and coREST histone deacetylation complexes are critical for breast cancer cell proliferation. Further, by proteomic and genomics approaches, we discover the transcription factor TRPS1 to be a key interactor of the NuRD and coREST complexes. Interestingly, TRPS1 gene amplification occurs in 28% of human breast tumours and is associated with poor prognosis. We propose that TRPS1 is required to repress spurious binding of ER, where it contributes to the removal of histone acetylation. Our data suggest that TRPS1 is an important ER-associated transcriptional repressor that regulates cell proliferation, chromatin acetylation and ER binding at the chromatin of cis-regulatory elements.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology , Receptors, Estrogen/biosynthesis , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Acetylation , Cell Line, Tumor , Co-Repressor Proteins/genetics , Co-Repressor Proteins/metabolism , Female , Histones/metabolism , Humans , Mi-2 Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase Complex/genetics , Mi-2 Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase Complex/metabolism , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Receptors, Estrogen/genetics , Repressor Proteins , Transcriptional Activation/physiologyABSTRACT
BRCA1 is a tumour suppresser gene frequently mutated in familial breast cancer and thought to influence the progression of sporadic breast cancer. Decreased BRCA1 mRNA and protein expression has been identified in breast cancer cell lines and sporadic breast tumours. Here the prognostic significance of reduced BRCA1 protein expression is investigated in primary operable breast cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to determine the level of BRCA1 protein expression in 100 breast cancers. BRCA1 expression was compared with known prognostic factors and survival to investigate its prognostic significance. BRCA1 nuclear expression was reduced by varying amounts in breast carcinomas. A progressive loss of BRCA1 expression correlated well with higher histological grade (p = 0.002) and an excess of medullary/atypical medullary/grade 3 ductal carcinomas (p = 0.0001). When adjusted for grade, patients with loss of BRCA1 expression had a significantly longer disease-free survival time. Loss of BRCA1 expression associated with high-grade breast tumours suggests that BRCA1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of sporadic breast cancer.
Subject(s)
BRCA1 Protein/metabolism , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Adult , Aged , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Disease-Free Survival , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Prognosis , Survival AnalysisSubject(s)
Chondrosarcoma, Mesenchymal/pathology , Maxillary Neoplasms/pathology , Biopsy , Bone Neoplasms/secondary , Chondrosarcoma, Mesenchymal/secondary , Chondrosarcoma, Mesenchymal/surgery , Fatal Outcome , Female , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/secondary , Maxillary Neoplasms/surgery , Middle Aged , Radiotherapy, AdjuvantABSTRACT
AIMS: Neuroendocrine differentiation has been detected, and its prognostic value studied, in a number of common human carcinomas. To date there are few detailed studies examining its relevance in breast carcinoma. In this study we evaluate the frequency and prognostic importance of neuroendocrine differentiation in breast adenocarcinoma. METHODS AND RESULTS: The presence of neuroendocrine differentiation, defined as positive reactivity for three markers, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin A and/or synaptophysin, has been evaluated in 99 patients with primary operable breast cancer using standard immunocytochemical techniques. A consecutive cohort of patients were selected from the Nottingham/Tenovus series. Comprehensive patient and tumour records have been maintained, and patients were followed up according to a defined protocol. Eighteen cases were positive for NSE, 10 for chromogranin A and 13 for synaptophysin. Eleven percent were positive with more than one neuroendocrine marker. No significant association was found between neuroendocrine differentiation and tumour size, grade, stage or the prevalence of vascular invasion. There was no significant difference in either overall or disease-free survival between patients with or without neuroendocrine differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: In this study we confirm that neuroendocrine differentiation can be identified in a subset (10-18%) of human breast carcinomas. This phenomenon appears to have no relationship to established prognostic factors or patient outcome.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology , Adenocarcinoma/metabolism , Adult , Aged , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/metabolism , Chromogranin A , Chromogranins/analysis , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Middle Aged , Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/analysis , Prognosis , Survival Analysis , Synaptophysin/analysisABSTRACT
In embracing a multidisciplinary approach to the management of patients with sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer, the pathologist task is to screen sentinel nodes for possible metastasis. The consequences of missing sentinel node micrometastasis can directly influence treatment strategies, and this screening therefore has to be performed with more attention than usual. There is presently great diversity in the histopathological work-up of sentinel nodes, with many centres employing additional techniques such as immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction or flow cytometry in addition to routine haematoxylin and eosin staining. In this review, we address the pathological validation and significance of micrometastasis in sentinel node biopsy in primary breast cancer.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy , Coloring Agents , Female , Flow Cytometry , Humans , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Lymphatic Metastasis , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
The evidence that ferritin is synthesized both on free polyribosomes and on polyribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum is reviewed. Evidence that some ferritin is secreted from cells after synthesis on bound polyribosomes was found to be inconclusive.
Subject(s)
Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism , Ferritins/biosynthesis , Polyribosomes/metabolism , Animals , Female , Ferritins/genetics , Liver/metabolism , Liver/ultrastructure , Male , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/ultrastructure , Neoplasm Transplantation , Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism , Neoplasms, Experimental/ultrastructure , Nucleic Acid Hybridization , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains , Rats, Wistar , Spleen/metabolism , Spleen/ultrastructureABSTRACT
A case of a 62-year-old man with an incompletely resected recurrent adnexal skin tumor is reported. The patient had a complete resolution of tumor with external beam radiation therapy. The tumor metastasized to lung and pleura, and the patient's tumor nodules stabilized with methotrexate. The reported experience with radiation and chemotherapy for this tumor is reviewed and is then contrasted with the observations in this patient. Currently available radiation technics may be of value in managing patients with unresectable tumors.
Subject(s)
Sweat Gland Neoplasms/therapy , Combined Modality Therapy , Eccrine Glands/pathology , Humans , Male , Methotrexate/therapeutic use , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Metastasis , Sweat Gland Neoplasms/drug therapy , Sweat Gland Neoplasms/pathology , Sweat Gland Neoplasms/radiotherapySubject(s)
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/pathology , Orbital Neoplasms/pathology , Rhabdomyosarcoma/pathology , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Orbital Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms/pathology , Rhabdomyosarcoma/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Endometriosis associated with massive ascites is an unusual combination unknown to most practicing gynecologists. Only 11 cases have been reported since this entity was first described by Brews in 1954. The authors report an additional case recently encountered at the Bethesda Naval Hospital. A review of the literature and tabular comparison of similarities among patients are presented. The possible etiologic mechanisms of the ascites are explored and recommendations for diagnosis and appropriate management are provided.