Co-infection with dual Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes as a cause of pediatric bacterial meningitis in Iran: a multi-center cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Meningitis is considered a life-threatening infection with high mortality all over the world. Hemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) are regarded as the two most common infectious agents causing bacterial meningitis. This study aimed to identify H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae serotypes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of pediatric patients with meningitis, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). METHODS: This multi-center cross-sectional study included 284 children with suspected meningitis referred to 4 target hospitals. Overall, 412 samples (128 blood and 284 CSF samples) were obtained from the patients from November 14, 2016 to November 15, 2017. The extracted DNA was examined using multiplex real time PCR to screen for S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. S. pneumoniae serotyping was also done by multiplex PCR. RESULTS: Out of 284 CSF specimens, 22 were positive for ply S. pneumoniae. Of 20 DNA samples meeting the Quality Control (QC) standards for serotyping, 7 (35%), 6 (30%), 2 (10%), 2 (10%), 2 (10%), 1 (5%), 1 (5%), 1 (5%), 1 (5%) and 1 (5%) were positive for serotypes 3, 11A, 6A, 14, 7C, 23F, 23B, 19A, and 19F and 5, respectively. Overall, nine samples were positive for two serotypes, of whom 3 and 11A were the most common from Tehran province. Of note, one of these CSF samples showed a new co-infection with serotypes 7C and 14. Also, 6 samples (30%) were positive for H. influenzae detected by bexA primer. None of the blood samples were positive for S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae. CONCLUSION: Co-infection with S. pneumoniae serotypes can occur in bacterial meningitis and it might be missed if all serotypes are not evaluated in CSF specimens.

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms as The First Manifestation of Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Complicated Case with Klinefelter's Syndrome.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune, multisystem disorder with various manifestations. There are limited reports on the neuropsychiatric findings as the first manifestation of SLE in children. Herein, we report a 14-year-old Iranian boy with a two-year history of cognitive dysfunction and behavioural problems as well as a recent history of epistaxis. The patient workup ended with a diagnosis of Klinefelter's syndrome associated with juvenile SLE. Patients with Klinefelter's syndrome may exhibit behavioural problems and psychological disease. These psychiatric disorders could be complicated with lupus in children. In fact, psychiatric symptoms may occur as the first manifestation of juvenile SLE. Specially, if accompanied with Klinefelter's syndrome. We suggest the diagnosis of SLE must be considered in all children with neuropsychiatric manifestations.