GIPPE-RPT: Geant4 interface for particle physics experiments applied to Radioactive Particle Tracking.

Radioactive Particle Tracking (RPT) is a non-invasive experimental technique that tracks the motion of a gamma-emitting radionuclide. Despite the RPT's high versatility, the lack of dedicated software represents a significant barrier to its wider adoption. This article introduces a new software, GIPPE-RPT, designed to bring the technique closer to a wider group of users. GIPPE-RPT is a user-friendly software that enables the creation, execution, and post-processing of high-energy physics simulations in Geant4 employing a graphical user interface. Under the platform, the user can specify all critical RPT parameters, such as reactor geometry, materials, detector number and type, and tracer type and activity. Multiple configurations can be designed and compared for optimization. GIPPE-RPT also integrates the OpenFOAM solver, which enables the setup and execution of Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations. The simulation results can be imported in Geant4 allowing an accurate description of density profiles inside the reactor. The main software modules, functions, and workflow are demonstrated using a virtual NETL SSCP-I fluidized bed reactor as a test case. The main steps in setting up an RPT experiment in GIPPE-RPT, including domain design, tracer selection, detector placement, and calibration strategy are presented in detail. The performance of six position reconstruction methods implemented in GIPPE-RPT is compared for several RPT scenarios highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each method. Finally, the benefits of capturing heterogeneous density profiles using simulations are demonstrated by comparing reconstruction errors for test cases with heterogeneous and homogeneous media.

Burns treatment in ancient times.

Discovery of fire at the dawn of prehistoric time brought not only the benefits to human beings offering the light and heat, but also misfortune due to burns; and that was the beginning of burns treatment. Egyptian doctors made medicines from plants, animal products and minerals, which they combined with magic and religious procedures. The earliest records described burns dressings with milk from mothers of male babies. Goddess Isis was called upon to help. Some remedies and procedures proved so successful that their application continued for centuries. The Edwin Smith papyrus (1500 BC) mentioned the treatment of burns with honey and grease. Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC) contains descriptions of application of mud, excrement, oil and plant extracts. They also used honey, Aloe and tannic acid to heal burns. Ancient Egyptians did not know about microorganisms but they knew that honey, moldy bread and copper salts could prevent infections from dirt in burns healing. Thyme, opium and belladona were used for pain relief. In the 4th century BC, Hippocrates recorded that Greek and Roman doctors used rendered pig fat, resin and bitumen to treat burns. Mixture of honey and bran, or lotion of wine and myrrh were used by Celsus. Honey was also known in Ayurveda (Indian medicine) time. Ayurvedic records Characa and Sushruta included honey in their dressing aids to purify sores and promote the healing. Burn treatment in Chinese medicine was traditional. It was a compilation of philosophy, knowledge and herbal medicine. The successful treatment of burns started in recent time and it has been made possible by better knowledge of the pathophysiology of thermal injuries and their consequences, medical technology advances and improved surgical techniques.

Ectopic adrenocortical tissue: an incidental finding during inguinal surgery in children.

Adrenal rests are usually unrecognized during operation, and the incidence of ectopic adrenal cortical tissue in pediatric patients during inguinal surgery procedures is unknown. We performed 3028 groin surgical explorations in 2680 patients aged 1 month to 17 years. Ectopic adrenal tissue was found in 69 inguinal operations (2.2%): 37 during 1.524 orchiopexy (2.4%), 23 during 1.115 herniectomy (2.0%), and 9 during 389 hydrocoela operation (2.3%). Statistically there were no significant differences among those three groups. No adrenal rests were detected in females. Although a few reported cases with hormonal activity of ectopic adrenocortical tissue (EACT), the recommendation is to remove them if found.

[Postoperative nausea and vomiting]. / Postoperativna muka i povracanje.

INTRODUCTION: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and pain are the most common complaints following anesthesia and surgery, and due to negative emotional impact on patients, they cause prolonged postoperative recovery. The incidence of PONV is 20-30% during the first 24 h after anesthesia. Both peripheral and central mechanisms are involved in control of emesis. FACTORS: Many factors associated with anesthesia and surgery may affect PONV: patient's age and sex, history of PONV after pervious anesthesia, administration of antiemetics prior to operation, type and duration of operation, type of premedication, induction agent, maintenance agent, reversal of muscle relaxation, treatment of postoperative pain and movement of patients. ANTAGONISTS OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE-3 (5-HT3) RECEPTORS: Ondansetron is a competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist important in prevention of PONV. However, if 5-HT 3 receptor antagonists are effective against nausea and vomiting after a variety of anesthetic and surgical procedures, then at last we may have the key to the mechanism of PONV. Prophylaxis with a combination of antiemetic drugs is more effective in prevention of PONV.