ABSTRACT
The epidemiological role of small ruminants in foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks has been generally neglected. Although, the disease in these species is sub-clinical in nature, their role as virus carriers represents a reservoir for further infection and spread of disease. Data on the usefulness of polyvalent FMD vaccine (FMDV) in goats is scant. Thus, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the benefits of a highly potent polyvalent FMDV in goats. In the present investigations, FMDV quadrivalent double oil emulsion (Montanide ISA 206) vaccines were tested in goats at reduced doses of 2 ml per animal (antigen payload 3.5 microg per serotype per dose). The oil adjuvant elicited superior immune response at any given period than aluminium hydroxide gel (AGS) vaccine and the rapidity of development of response was quicker. The duration of immunity also appeared to be maintained for long period. The differences in immune response between two adjuvant groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). The differences were apparent even in kinetics of immune response. Unlike cattle, goats were found to be late responders for oil-adjuvanted vaccine. Our results indicate possible universal usage of double oil emulsion vaccines for disease control programs irrespective of species of animals.
Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic , Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis , Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/immunology , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/prevention & control , Goats , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage , Aluminum Hydroxide/administration & dosage , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/analysis , Aphthovirus/immunology , Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic , Emulsions/administration & dosage , Models, Animal , Polyethylene Glycols , Treatment Outcome , Vaccination/veterinary , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Viral Vaccines/standardsABSTRACT
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The multiplicity of FMDV serotypes in animals poses a central problem in the policy of vaccination and is of much concern to health authorities. Hence it is the practice of vaccination with polyvalent vaccine for prophylactic measure. In the present report, we analysed the early antibody responses elicited by FMDV quadrivalent (FMDV O, A, C and Asia 1 serotypes) double emulsion (Montanide ISA 206) vaccines in cattle. We observed variations between various viral serotypes in eliciting early antibody response although neutralizing antibody response against all the four serotypes were detected as early as fourth day following vaccination. The duration of immunity also appeared to maintain for long period. The neutralizing antibody titres were maintained well above 2log(10) even after 6 months of vaccination irrespective of serotypes. Thus, allows the possibilities of two vaccinations per year for the maintenance of herd immunity.
Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/immunology , Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/immunology , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/immunology , Immunization/veterinary , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/prevention & control , Cattle Diseases/virology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/prevention & control , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/virology , Neutralization Tests/veterinary , Viral Vaccines/standardsABSTRACT
Recombinant protein of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) type Asia 1 corresponding to the C-terminal half of VP1 was expressed in Escherichia coli. As an alternative to the synthetic peptide, this selected C-terminal region was used as a protein vaccine in guinea pigs in order to study the immune response with various adjuvant formulations: immune stimulatory complexes (ISCOMs), Montanide ISA 206, Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokine mixture. A primary dose of 40 microg/animal followed by a booster of the same dose was injected after a 21-day interval. The sera were collected at intervals of 21, 42 and 63 days after the booster. The humoral response to vaccine was monitored by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a serum neutralization test (SNT). The guinea pig sera showed high titers both in ELISA and SNT, which could be protective. Further, irrespective of the adjuvant preparation used, the vaccine conferred protection against the challenge virus 105 days post-vaccination in 13 of 15 animals (86%). The results indicated that a combination of recombinant protein ISCOMs and Montanide ISA 206 would be a better choice for achieving early protective titers and longer lasting immunity and that the C-terminal half of the VP1 protein may be tried as a safe vaccine for secondary immunization.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Aphthovirus/immunology , Capsid/immunology , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/prevention & control , Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Animals , Aphthovirus/genetics , Asia , Capsid/genetics , Capsid Proteins , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/immunology , Guinea Pigs , Neutralization Tests , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology , Vaccination , Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics , Viral Vaccines/geneticsABSTRACT
Vaccination is the only pragmatic approach to control foot and mouth disease in India. Strict quality control measures are essential to supply potent vaccine to the field application, in addition to monitoring the performance of the vaccine in the field. During the process of monitoring, an outbreak of FMD in vaccinated animals caused by type "O" virus in Tanjavur district of Tamil Nadu and a type "O" virus from unvaccinated herd of Karnataka were studied. Field isolates and vaccine virus were sequenced and analyzed. Data indicated that the virus from the outbreak in vaccinated cattle was a variant which could escape neutralization by antibodies against vaccine virus.
