Trends in emerging vector-borne viral infections and their outcome in children over two decades.

This review utilizes quatitative methods and bibliometric data to analyse the trends of emerging and re-emerging vector-borne diseases, with a focus on their impact on pediatric population. To conduct this analysis, a systematic search of PubMed articles from the past two decades was performed, specifically looking at 26 different vector-borne viruses listed in WHO and CDC list of vector-borne viruses. The review found that diseases like Dengue, Zika, West Nile, and Chikungunya were frequently discussed in the literature. On the other hand, diseases such as Tick-borne encephalitis, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Sindbis fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Ross River virus, and Eastern equine encephalitis showed an upward trend in publications, indicating potential resurgence. In addition to discussing trends and patterns, the review delves into the clinical manifestations and long-term effects of the top 10 viruses in children. It highlights various factors including deforestation, urbanization, global travel, and immunosuppression that contribute to disease emergence and resurgence. To effectively combat these vector-borne diseases, continuous surveillance is crucial. The review also emphasizes the importance of increased vaccination efforts and targeted research to address the health challenges they pose. IMPACT: This review employs quantitative analysis of publications to elucidate trends in emerging pediatric vector-borne viral diseases over two decades. Dengue, the most prevalent of these diseases, has spread to new regions. New strains of Japanese Encephalitis have caused outbreaks. Resurgence of Tick-borne Encephalitis, West Nile, and Yellow Fever due to vaccine hesitancy has also transpired. Continuous global surveillance, increased vaccination, and research into novel therapeutics are imperative to combat the substantial morbidity and mortality burden these diseases pose for children worldwide.

Data harnessing to nurture the human mind for a tailored approach to the child.

Big data in pediatrics is an ocean of structured and unstructured data. Big data analysis helps to dive into the ocean of data to filter out information that can guide pediatricians in their decision making, precision diagnosis, and targeted therapy. In addition, big data and its analysis have helped in the surveillance, prevention, and performance of the health system. There has been a considerable amount of work in pediatrics that we have tried to highlight in this review and some of it has been already incorporated into the health system. Work in specialties of pediatrics is still forthcoming with the creation of a common data model and amalgamation of the huge "omics" database. The physicians entrusted with the care of children must be aware of the outcome so that they can play a role to ensure that big data algorithms have a clinically relevant effect in improving the health of their patients. They will apply the outcome of big data and its analysis in patient care through clinical algorithms or with the help of embedded clinical support alerts from the electronic medical records. IMPACT: Big data in pediatrics include structured, unstructured data, waveform data, biological, and social data. Big data analytics has unraveled significant information from these databases. This is changing how pediatricians will look at the body of available evidence and translate it into their clinical practice. Data harnessed so far is implemented in certain fields while in others it is in the process of development to become a clinical adjunct to the physician. Common databases are being prepared for future work. Diagnostic and prediction models when incorporated into the health system will guide the pediatrician to a targeted approach to diagnosis and therapy.

Mortality and complications of scrub typhus in the paediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Scrub typhus is a leading cause of treatable febrile illness. It can produce complications and dysfunction of multiple organs in children and is associated with considerable mortality. We attempted to perform a systematic review of original articles published between 1990 to 2020 based on certain selection criteria to estimate the case fatality risk of this disease in children. We addressed the pattern of complications of this disease with its impact on mortality We calculated pooled prevalence with a random effects model (restricted maximum likelihood method) that assumed varying effect sizes between studies using R statistical software. We reported the case fatality rate and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in the pooled analysis. Thirty-seven articles with a total of 3329 children were identified for inclusion. The case fatality rate was 1.1% (CI 0.05 to 2, I2=58% and prediction interval 0-6%). The mortality rate showed a declining trend over the last 5 y. Hepatitis (30.68% [95% CI 18.52 to 44.38]) remains the most common complication, followed by shock (14.45% [95% CI 7.71 to 22.85]), pneumonia (14.71% [95% CI 9.76 to 20.48]), acute kidney injury (13.72% [95% CI 8.49 to 19.97]) and meningitis/meningoencephalitis (11.57% [95% CI 7.83 to 15.92]). Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome was the main contributor to mortality.

Early Onset Neonatal Septicaemia Caused by Pantoea agglomerans.

Pantoea agglomerans is an opportunistic pathogen causing infection in the immunocompromised patients. It is a plant pathogen and a rare human pathogen causing neonatal sepsis, joint infection, urinary tract infection and bloodstream infections. Neonatal Gram negative septicaemia may have an unusual presentation of subtle generalised neonatal seizures without any other cardinal features of sepsis. An appropriate diagnosis is therefore the key to proper management. P. agglomerans being an unusual cause of neonatal sepsis should be diagnosed early with proper antibiogram for clinical cure. Here, we report a case of neonatal sepsis caused by P. agglomerans in a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To identify ADHD children, to show the prevalence of the disorder in the age group of 5-12 years and to study their socio-demographic variables, associated medical and co-morbid psychological problems. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional case study of ADHD children presenting to a child guidance clinic in a busy pediatric hospital over a one year period. The diagnosis of ADHD was based on DSM IV criteria. RESULTS: Of the 238 children referred, 37 were diagnosed as ADHD. 64.9% of the referrals were from pediatricians. The prevalence of ADHD in pediatric clinic was 15.5%, the inattention subtype was predominant. The mean age of boys and girls with ADHD was 8.49 years and 6.82 years respectively. The male to female ratio was 6.4:1. Majority of patients were from middle socio-economic status belonging to Hindu families. 27.0% of children had developmental problems. Oppositional defiant disorder was the most prevalent while depression was the least prevalent co morbid problem. CONCLUSION: ADHD is prevalent in India and the bunch of these children are mostly presenting to the pediatrician. They need to be aware of the profile of this disorder for early detection and intervention.