Motives for nonmedical use of prescription stimulants in community college students.

Objective: The present study identified common motives for nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NMUS) among community college (CC) students and examined behavioral and demographic correlates of certain motives. Participants: The survey was completed by 3,113 CC students (72.4% female; 81.7% White). Methods: Survey results from 10 CCs were evaluated. Results: NMUS was reported by 9% (n = 269) participants. The most common motive for NMUS was to "focus on studies or to improve academic performance" (67.5%) followed by to "have more energy" (52.4%). Females were more likely to report NMUS for weight loss, and males were more likely to report NMUS to experiment. The motive "to feel good or get high" was linked to polysubstance use. Conclusions: CC students report similar motives for NMUS to those commonly endorsed by 4-year university students. These findings may help identify CC students susceptible to risky substance use.

Histopathological evidence that diethylene glycol produces kidney and nervous system damage in rats.

Diethylene glycol (DEG) is an organic compound that has been found as an adulterant in consumer products as a counterfeit glycerin. Diethylene glycol is metabolized to two primary metabolites: 2-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (2-HEAA) and diglycolic acid (DGA), the latter shown to accumulate in the kidney and cause dose-dependent cell necrosis. DEG poisonings are characterized predominately by acute kidney injury (AKI) but have also produced delayed neurological sequelae such as sensorimotor neuropathy. To better understand these effects, Wistar-Han rats were orally administered a water control or doses of 4 g/kg-6 g/kg DEG every 12 or 24 h for 7 days, with kidney, brain, and spinal cord tissue collected for histopathological analysis. This dosing paradigm resulted in approximately 25 % of the DEG-treated animals developing AKI and also neurotoxicity (sensorimotor dysfunction and elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein). Kidney pathology included a severe, diffuse acute kidney tubular necrosis predominantly affecting proximal convoluted tubules. Scattered birefringent crystals consistent with calcium oxalate monohydrate were also found in the proximal tubule of animals with AKI. Demyelination in the dorsal and lateral white matter regions of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar areas of the spinal cord of a DEG-treated animal with AKI was documented, establishing the neuropathology in DEG-treated animals that developed neurotoxicity. There were significant changes in amino acid concentrations in the CSF that may reflect the neurotoxicity of DEG, specifically glutamate and glutamine, but with no ammonia change. These studies characterized the pathologic aspects of the neurotoxicity in a DEG repeat-dose model.

Diethylene glycol produces nephrotoxic and neurotoxic effects in female rats.

CONTEXT: Diethylene glycol (DEG) is an organic compound found in household products but also as a counterfeit solvent in medicines. DEG poisonings are characterized by acute kidney injury (AKI) and by neurological sequelae such as decreased reflexes or face and limb weakness. Previous studies in male rats have demonstrated that neurotoxic effects develop only with the establishment of AKI, but the dose sensitivity of females to DEG toxicity is unknown. OBJECTIVES: Assessing whether subacute administration of DEG in female rats would delineate any sex-differences in neuropathy or in kidney injury. METHODS: Female Wistar-Han rats were orally administered doses of 4 - 6 g/kg DEG every 12 h and monitored for 7 days. Urine was collected every 12 h and endpoint blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected for renal plasma parameters and total protein estimation, respectively. Motor function tests were conducted before and after treatment. Kidney and brain tissue were analyzed for metabolite content. RESULTS: Of 12 animals treated with DEG, 3 developed AKI as confirmed by increased BUN and creatinine concentrations. Renal and brain DGA contents were increased in animals that developed AKI compared to animals without AKI. Total CSF protein content in animals with AKI was markedly elevated compared to control and to treated animals without AKI. Decreases in forelimb grip strength and in locomotor and rearing activity were observed in animals with AKI compared to control and to animals without AKI. DISCUSSION: Repeated dosing with DEG in a female model produced nephrotoxic effects at a dose similar to that in males. The decrease in motor function and increase in CSF protein were only present in females that developed AKI. However, kidney and neurologic effects were assessed only at the end of the treatments, thus limiting determination of which effect occurs first. Limb function and coordination were measured globally and more sensitive tests such as nerve conduction studies might offer a detailed neurotoxicity assessment of the effects of DEG. CONCLUSIONS: These studies show that DEG toxicity does not appear to be sex-specific and that, in males and females, neurological symptoms are present only when DGA accumulation and kidney injury also occur.

Neurotoxic effects of nephrotoxic compound diethylene glycol.

CONTEXT: Diethylene glycol (DEG) is an organic compound found in household products but also as an adulterant in medicines by acting as a counterfeit solvent. DEG poisonings have been characterized predominately by acute kidney injury (AKI), but also by delayed neurological sequelae such as decreased reflexes or face and limb weakness. OBJECTIVES: Characterizing the neurological symptoms of DEG poisoning in a subacute animal model would create a clearer picture of overall toxicity and possibly make mechanistic connections between kidney injury and neuropathy. METHODS: Male Wistar-Han rats were orally administered doses of 4 - 6 g/kg DEG every 12 or 24 h and monitored for 7 days. Urine was collected every 12 h and endpoint blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected for a renal plasma panel and total protein estimation, respectively. Motor function tests were conducted before and after treatment. Kidney and brain tissue was harvested for metabolic analysis. RESULTS: Of the 43 animals treated with DEG, 11 developed AKI as confirmed by increased BUN and creatinine levels. Renal and brain DGA accumulation was markedly increased in animals that developed AKI compared to animals without AKI. The total protein content in CSF in animals with kidney injury was markedly elevated compared to control and to treated animals without AKI. Significant decreases in forelimb grip strength and decreases in locomotor and rearing activity were observed in animals with AKI compared to control and to animals without AKI. DISCUSSION: Repeated dosing with DEG in an animal model produced nephrotoxic effects like those in studies with acute DEG administration. The decrease in motor function and increase in CSF protein were only present in animals that developed AKI. CONCLUSIONS: These studies show development of neurotoxicity in this DEG animal model and suggest that neurological symptoms are observed only when DGA accumulation and kidney injury also occur.

Comparing the PHQ-9 to the Multidimensional Behavioral Health Screen in Predicting Depression-Related Symptomatology in a Primary Medical Care Sample.

Depression is the most common form of psychopathology affecting people in the US. It is commonly diagnosed and treated in primary medical care settings, creating a need for a reliable, quick self-report tool used for the assessment of depression in this context. There is an emerging shift in the way psychopathology is conceptualized, as the field begins to transition from a categorical, syndrome-based model to a dimensional model. This change should be reflected in the assessment tool used within the primary care setting. The PHQ-9 is currently the most frequently used assessment tool for evaluating depression within primary care clinics, despite being based on the heterogenous, categorical method of conceptualizing psychopathology. The Multidimensional Behavioral Health Screen is a brief and efficient screening-level assessment tool for core psychopathology components (rather than syndromes), with a specific focus on depressive symptomatology. This study presents empirical evidence supporting the implementation of the MBHS in primary care clinics as a useful alternative to the PHQ-9.