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1.
J Food Sci ; 89(7): 4250-4275, 2024 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38829746

ABSTRACT

Garlic, belonging to the genus Allium, is renowned for its rich antioxidant potential. Snow Mountain garlic (SMG) (Allium ampeloprasum) has been traditionally used for medicinal purposes because of its higher antioxidant potential. Considering its potential in medical therapies, we compared the antioxidant activity of SMG with a novel variety of Allium sativum, Hisar garlic 17 (HG17). Comparative antioxidant activity data (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) revealed the higher antioxidant activity of HG17 than SMG, which prompted us to conduct a comprehensive phytochemical investigation to elucidate the factors contributing to antioxidant potential of HG17. To get a detailed antioxidant and phytoconstituents profiling, we differentially extracted HG17 by processing it in different forms (fresh, dry, heated, and aged) with two solvents (50% methanol and n-butanol). Our data (antioxidant activities, total phenolics, and flavonoids) showed that dry garlic methanolic extract (DgM) had maximum potential than other HG17 forms/solvents, which concludes that different extraction techniques had direct impact on the phenolics/flavonoids and antioxidant potential of the extracts. Further, phytochemical analysis of HG17 extracts by high resolution liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer quadrupole time of flight validated the maximum potential of DgM. LCMS revealed the presence of garcimangosone C, osmanthuside A, and protoaphin aglucone polyphenols exclusively in DgM compared to other HG17 extracts, which possibly contributing in its high antioxidant potential. The overall differential extraction and LCMS data of HG17 strongly depict that it may be used as an alternative of SMG under diverse medical applications. HG17 higher antioxidant potential and rich array of unique phytochemicals make it valuable for food and pharmaceutical industries to integrate into functional foods/therapeutics. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Garlic unique phytochemical composition and its remarkable ability to scavenge different radicals make it valuable therapeutic asset to mitigate diseases associated with oxidative stress. SMG is well known for its anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory properties. HG17 showed higher antioxidant potential than SMG and can be used as an alternative of SMG for anti-arthritic properties.


Subject(s)
Allium , Antioxidants , Flavonoids , Garlic , Phenols , Phytochemicals , Plant Extracts , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/analysis , Garlic/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Phytochemicals/pharmacology , Phytochemicals/analysis , Phenols/analysis , Phenols/pharmacology , Flavonoids/analysis , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Allium/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
2.
Arch Biochem Biophys ; 753: 109922, 2024 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38341069

ABSTRACT

Inflammation is the primary driver of skeletal muscle wasting, with oxidative stress serving as both a major consequence and a contributor to its deleterious effects. In this regard, regulation of both can efficiently prevent atrophy and thus will increase the rate of survival [1]. With this idea, we hypothesize that preincubation of Cinnamaldehyde (CNA), a known compound with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, may be able to prevent skeletal muscle loss. To examine the same, C2C12 post-differentiated myotubes were treated with 25 ng/ml Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the presence or absence of 50 µM CNA. The data showed that TNF-α mediated myotube thinning and a lower fusion index were prevented by CNA supplementation 4 h before TNF-α treatment. Moreover, a lower level of ROS and thus maintained antioxidant defense system further underlines the antioxidative function of CNA in atrophic conditions. CNA preincubation also inhibited an increase in the level of inflammatory cytokines and thus led to a lower level of inflammation even in the presence of TNF-α. With decreased oxidative stress and inflammation by CNA, it was able to maintain the intracellular level of injury markers (CK, LDH) and SDH activity of mitochondria. In addition, CNA modulates all five proteolytic systems [cathepsin-L, UPS (atrogin-1), calpain, LC3, beclin] simultaneously with an upregulation of Akt/mTOR pathway, in turn, preserves the muscle-specific proteins (MHCf) from degradation by TNF-α. Altogether, our study exhibits attenuation of muscle loss and provides insight into the possible mechanism of action of CNA in curbing TNF-α induced muscle loss, specifically its effect on proteolysis and protein synthesis.


Subject(s)
Acrolein/analogs & derivatives , Muscle, Skeletal , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , Humans , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Proteolysis , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscular Atrophy/chemically induced , Muscular Atrophy/drug therapy , Muscular Atrophy/metabolism , Oxidative Stress , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/metabolism , Inflammation/metabolism
3.
Bioorg Chem ; 139: 106661, 2023 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37354662

ABSTRACT

Skeletal muscle atrophy, associated with increased morbidity, mortality and poor quality of life, is a metabolic disorder with no FDA approved drug. Oxidative stress is one of the key mediators of atrophy that influences various cell signaling molecules. The goal of this study is to identify potential antioxidant agents that could be used to treat atrophy. In this study in vitro and in situ screening of different cinnamaldehyde (CNA) derivatives for their antioxidant effects was done along with computational analysis to understand the relationship between their chemical structure and biological activity. Data show that 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde (2HCNA) worked better than other CNA analogues at physiological pH, while 4-Fluoro-2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (4FoCNA) showed the maximum antioxidant activity under acidic conditions. However, these derivatives (2HCNA and 4FoCNA) were found to be toxic to the cultured myotubes (mature myofiber) under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Immunofluorescence, bright-field microscopic and biochemical studies conducted using live C2C12 cells showed that pre-incubation with other CNA analogues i.e. 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (2MeCNA) and 2-benzyloxycinnamaldehyde (2BzCNA) not only maintained the normal morphology of myotubes but also protected them from H2O2-induced atrophy. These compounds (2MeCNA and 2BzCNA) showed higher stability and antioxidant potential, as indicated by computer simulation data analyzed by Density Functional Theory (DFT) based molecular modeling. Overall, the chemical, biological, and computational studies reveal the therapeutic potential of CNA analogues (BzCNA and MeCNA) against oxidative-stress induced muscle atrophy in C2C12 cells.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Hydrogen Peroxide , Humans , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology , Computer Simulation , Quality of Life , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal , Muscular Atrophy/chemically induced , Muscular Atrophy/drug therapy , Muscular Atrophy/metabolism , Oxidative Stress , Protective Agents/pharmacology
4.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34870147

ABSTRACT

Emerging research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) shows that it is spreading to multiple organs in addition to the respiratory system. Though the SARS-CoV2 enters the human body by binding to ACE2 receptors on pulmonary alveolar cells, recent studies indicate that it is spreading to the central nervous system, cardiac and skeletal muscles leading to various pathological conditions in these organs. In particular, the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on triggering the cytokine storm and its consequential effects on skeletal muscles has generated a lot of discussion. The effects of this virus on muscular function especially in susceptible elderly populations is still being explored. However, its effects on diaphragm, a respiratory muscle which plays an important role in determining lung capacity are not completely explored. Currently, as new evidence on using lung ultrasounds to confirm COVID-19 diagnosis is gaining traction, it is necessary to explore the role of diaphragm in treating COVID-19 patients. This article will review the effects of cytokine storm triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 and its resultant effects on skeletal muscle with a specific focus on the diaphragm in order to identify knowledge gaps in effectively treating COVID-19 patients, especially those who are on a mechanical ventilator.

5.
IET Nanobiotechnol ; 15(4): 427-440, 2021 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34694715

ABSTRACT

The main emphasis herein is on the eco-friendly synthesis and assessment of the antimicrobial potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and a cytotoxicity study. Silver nanoparticles were synthesised by an extracellular method using bacterial supernatant. Biosynthesised silver nanoparticles were characterised by UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential analysis. The synthesised silver nanoparticles exhibited a characteristic peak at 420 nm. TEM analysis depicted the spherical shape and approximately 20 nm size of nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles carry a charge of -33.75 mV, which confirms their stability. Biogenic polyvinyl pyrrolidone-coated AgNPs exhibited significant antimicrobial effects against all opportunistic pathogens (Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi). Silver nanoparticles equally affect the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with a maximum inhibition zone observed at 22 mm and a minimum at 13 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Fusarium graminearum, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgNPs against P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus was recorded at between 15 and 20 µg/ml. Synthesised nanoparticles exhibited a significant synergistic effect in combination with conventional antibiotics. Cytotoxicity estimates using C2C12 skeletal muscle cell line via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and lactate dehydrogenase assay were directly related to the concentration of AgNPs and length of exposure. On the basis of the MTT test, the IC50 of AgNPs for the C2C12 cell line was approximately 5.45 µg/ml concentration after 4 h exposure.


Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents , Metal Nanoparticles , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Bacillaceae , Escherichia coli , Fusarium , Gram-Negative Bacteria , Gram-Positive Bacteria , Metal Nanoparticles/toxicity , Mice , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Polyvinyls , Silver , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
6.
J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods ; 109: 107069, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33892108

ABSTRACT

Under type-2 diabetes, insulin resistance develops in skeletal muscles as a key defect and to study the disorder, its manifestation, and possible solution, measurement of glucose uptake is a fundamental necessity. Of various approaches (i.e. scintillation counting, flow cytometry, fluorometry and spectrophotometry) fluorescent labelled glucose analogue, 2-NBDG solution is the most popular one. Although 2-NBDG based assay is the most widely used approach in various cells including skeletal muscle, even then all available protocols possess huge variability which impacts the overall data reproducibility. Moreover, starvation (use of glucose/serum free medium), one of the prerequisite condition for glucose uptake assay, itself induces stress specifically during longer pre-incubation periods and alters muscle cell metabolism and morphology, but the fact has not been duly considered. Therefore in the present article, using specific skeletal muscle cells i.e. C2C12 myotubes, we have re-established the conditions like pre-incubation time period, concentrations of insulin, glucose and serum/BSA while maintaining the cultured myotubes in morphologically healthy state. Our lab standardized protocols were observed to be effective in studying insulin resistance condition induced by diverse stresses (oxidative & inflammation) in myotubes. Comparative study conducted with already established protocols demonstrates that the present method is more efficient, effective and better improvised for studying glucose uptake in C2C12.


Subject(s)
Insulin Resistance , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal , 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan/analogs & derivatives , Deoxyglucose/analogs & derivatives , Glucose , Humans , Insulin , Muscle, Skeletal , Reproducibility of Results
7.
J Food Sci Technol ; 57(10): 3852-3863, 2020 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32903995

ABSTRACT

The leaves of Ocimum sanctum were extracted in methanol (OsM) and sequentially fractionated with n-hexane (OsH), ethylacetate (OsE) and butanol (OsB) to find the best extraction solvent for antioxidants from the herb known for its medicinal values. OsB was rich in both total polyphenolic content (TPC) (212.26 ± 6.3 mg GAE/g extract) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) (54.51 ± 3.5 mg QE/g extract). OsE also had significantly high TPC (202.71 ± 5.5 mg GAE/g extract). The EC50 based on DPPH (3.91 ± 0.3 µg/ml), ABTS (1.6 ± 0.1 µg/ml) and phosphomolybdate (2.31 ± 0.1 µg/ml) for OsB; hydroxyl (5.3 ± 0.4 µg/ml), superoxide (7.32 ± 0.9 µg/ml) radicals for OsM and DPPH (8.61 ± 0.6 µg/ml), phosphomolybdate (2.43 ± 0.1 µg/ml) and ABTS (5.3 ± 0.4 µg/ml) for OsE were lower than ascorbic acid showing potential antioxidant properties. EC50 values of different fractions for DPPH anion, ABTS cation free radical scavenging and phosphomolybdate reducing property were significantly and positively correlated with TPC and TFC. LC-MS analysis of OsB and OsE showed the presence of luteolin, apigenin, rosmarinic, chlorogenic, caffeic acid and their derivatives. Quercetin is extracted in ethylacetate fraction. Overall data revealed that O. sanctum leaf extracts in butanol and ethylacetate with high polyphenolics and flavonoids, had strong antioxidant potential.

8.
Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj ; 1864(10): 129676, 2020 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32649980

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is crucial player in skeletal muscle atrophy pathogenesis. S-allyl cysteine (SAC), an organosulfur compound of Allium sativum, possesses broad-spectrum properties including immuno- and redox-modulatory impact. Considering the role of SAC in regulating redox balance, we hypothesize that SAC may have a protective role in oxidative-stress induced atrophy. METHODS: C2C12 myotubes were treated with H2O2 (100 µM) in the presence or absence of SAC (200 µM) to study morphology, redox status, inflammatory cytokines and proteolytic systems using fluorescence microscopy, biochemical analysis, real-time PCR and immunoblotting approaches. The anti-atrophic potential of SAC was confirmed in denervation-induced atrophy model. RESULTS: SAC pre-incubation (4 h) could protect the myotube morphology (i.e. length/diameter/fusion index) from atrophic effects of H2O2. Lower levels of ROS, lipid peroxidation, oxidized glutathione and altered antioxidant enzymes were observed in H2O2-exposed cells upon pre-treatment with SAC. SAC supplementation also suppressed the rise in cytokines levels (TWEAK/IL6/myostatin) caused by H2O2. SAC treatment also moderated the degradation of muscle-specific proteins (MHCf) in the H2O2-treated myotubes supported by lower induction of diverse proteolytic systems (i.e. cathepsin, calpain, ubiquitin-proteasome E3-ligases, caspase-3, autophagy). Denervation-induced atrophy in mice illustrates that SAC administration alleviates the negative effects (i.e. mass loss, decreased cross-sectional area, up-regulation of proteolytic systems, and degradation of total/specific protein) of denervation on muscles. CONCLUSIONS: SAC exerts significant anti-atrophic effects to protect myotubes from H2O2-induced protein loss and myofibers from denervation-induced muscle loss, due to the prevention of elevated proteolytic systems and inflammatory/oxidative molecules. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: The results signify the potential of SAC against muscle atrophy.


Subject(s)
Cysteine/analogs & derivatives , Muscular Atrophy/drug therapy , Protective Agents/therapeutic use , Animals , Cell Line , Cysteine/pharmacology , Cysteine/therapeutic use , Disease Models, Animal , Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism , Mice , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology , Muscular Atrophy/metabolism , Muscular Atrophy/pathology , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Protective Agents/pharmacology
9.
J Ethnopharmacol ; 254: 112720, 2020 May 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32114167

ABSTRACT

ETHANOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Tinospora cordifolia (TC) is widely being used as immunomodulatory and re-juvenile drug and well described in Indian Ayurveda system of medicine. Rejuvenation also means the fine tuning of the skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscle related disorder, i.e. atrophy is major problem which arise due to cachexia, sarcopenia and immobilization. However, despite of the great efforts, there is scarcity of FDA approved drugs in the market to treat skeletal muscle atrophy. AIM OF THE STUDY: The current study was aimed to explore the in-vitro and in-vivo efficacy and mechanism of TC in myogenic differentiation and skeletal muscle atrophy to establish the possibility of its usage to counteract skeletal muscle atrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: C2C12 cell lines were used to determine myogenic potential and anti-atrophic effects of T. cordifolia water extract (TCE). Its in-vitro efficacy was re-validated in vivo by supplementation of TCE at a dose of 200 mg/kg/p.o. for 30 days in denervated mice model of skeletal muscle atrophy. Effects of TCE administration on levels of oxidative stress, inflammatory markers and proteolysis were determined. RESULTS: TCE supplementation displayed increased lymphocyte proliferation and induced myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts by significantly increasing myocytes length and thickness, in comparison to control (p < 0.05). TCE supplementation decreased oxidative stress and inflammatory response by significantly modulating activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, lipid peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and ß-glucuronidase (p < 0.05). It increased MF-20c expression and ameliorated degradation of muscle protein by down-regulating MuRF-1 and calpain activity. CONCLUSION: TCE supplementation promotes myogenic differentiation in C2C12 cell lines and prevents denervation induced skeletal muscle atrophy by antagonizing the proteolytic systems (calpain and UPS) and maintaining the oxidative defense mechanism of the cell. Hence, TCE can be used as a protective agent against muscle atrophy.


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Muscular Atrophy/drug therapy , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Tinospora , Animals , Cell Line , Denervation , Lymphocytes/drug effects , Male , Mice , Muscle Development/drug effects , Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Plant Leaves , Sciatic Nerve/surgery
10.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces ; 11(50): 47587-47595, 2019 Dec 18.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31741372

ABSTRACT

Detection of environmentally important ion cyanide (CN-) has been done by a new method involving displacement of both metal and indicator, metal indicator displacement approach (MIDA) on the vesicular interface. Terpyridine unit was selected as the binding site for metal (Cu2+), whereas Eosin-Y (EY) was preferred as an indicator. About 150 nm sized nanoscale vesicular ensemble (Lip-1.Cu) has shown good selectivity and sensitivity for CN- without any interference from other biologically and environmentally important anions. Otherwise, copper complexes are known for the interferences of binding with phosphates and amino acids. The Lip-1.Cu nanoreceptor also has the possibility to be used for real-time colorimetric scanning for the released HCN via enzymatic reactions. Lip-1.Cu has several superiorities over the other reported sensor systems. It has worked in 100% aqueous environment, fast response time with colorimetric monitoring of enzymatic reaction, and low detection limit.


Subject(s)
Colorimetry , Copper/chemistry , Cyanides/isolation & purification , Ions/isolation & purification , Coordination Complexes/chemistry , Cyanides/chemistry , Ions/chemistry , Spectrometry, Fluorescence , Water/chemistry
11.
Bioorg Chem ; 88: 102932, 2019 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31028990

ABSTRACT

An expedient and eco-friendly synthesis of 1-aryl/heteroaryl-[1,2,4]-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-4(5H)-ones (4) has been accomplished via iodobenzene diacetate mediated oxidative intramolecular cyclization of 3-(2-(aryl/heteroarylidene)hydrazinyl)-quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones (3). Ten synthesized compounds 3 and 4 (10-40 µg) on irradiation with UV light at λmax 312 nm could lead to cleavage of supercoiled pMaxGFP DNA (Form I) into the relaxed DNA (Form II) without any additive. Further, DNA cleaving ability of triazoles was quantitatively evaluated and was found to be dependent on its structure, concentration, and strictly on photoirradiation time. Mechanistic investigations using several additives as potential inhibitors/activator revealed that the DNA photocleavage reaction involves Type-I pathway leading to formation of superoxide anion radicals (O2-) as the major reactive oxygen species responsible for photocleavage process.


Subject(s)
Drug Design , Quinoxalines/pharmacology , DNA Cleavage , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Molecular Structure , Photochemical Processes , Quinoxalines/chemical synthesis , Quinoxalines/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship
12.
J Cell Physiol ; 234(5): 6194-6208, 2019 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30317570

ABSTRACT

Skeletal muscle atrophy/wasting is associated with impaired protein metabolism in diverse physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disturbed redox status, and weakened antioxidant defense system are the major contributing factors toward atrophy. Regulation of protein metabolism by controlling ROS levels and its associated catabolic pathways may help in treating atrophy and related clinical conditions. Although cinnamaldehyde (CNA) enjoys the established status of antioxidant and its role in ROS management is reported, impact of CNA on skeletal muscle atrophy and related pathways is still unexplored. In the current study, the impact of CNA on C2C12 myotubes and the possible protection of cultured cells from H 2 O 2 -induced atrophy is examined. Myotubes were treated with H 2 O 2 in the presence and absence of CNA and the changes in the antioxidative, proteolytic systems, and mitochondrial functions were scored. Morphological analysis showed significant protective effects of CNA on length, diameter, and nuclei fusion index of myotubes. The evaluation of biochemical markers of atrophy; creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase along with the study of muscle-specific structural protein (i.e., myosin heavy chain-fast [MHCf] type) showed significant protection of proteins by CNA. CNA pretreatment not only checked the activation of proteolytic systems (ubiquitin-proteasome E3-ligases [MuRF1/Atrogin1]), autophagy [Beclin1/LC3B], cathepsin L, calpain, caspase), but also prevented any alteration in the activities of antioxidative defense enzymes (catalase, glutathione- S-transferase, glutathione-peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase). The results suggest that CNA protects myotubes from H 2 O 2 -induced atrophy by inhibiting/resisting the amendments in proteolytic systems and maintains cellular redox-balance.


Subject(s)
Acrolein/analogs & derivatives , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscular Atrophy/metabolism , Acrolein/pharmacology , Animals , Cell Line , Hydrogen Peroxide/toxicity , Mice , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Muscular Atrophy/pathology , Proteolysis/drug effects
13.
Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj ; 1862(4): 895-906, 2018 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29288771

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Elevated levels of inflammatory molecules are key players in muscle wasting/atrophy leading to human morbidity. TNFα is a well-known pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of muscle wasting under diverse clinical settings. S-allyl cysteine (SAC), an active component of garlic (Allium sativum), has established anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in various cell types. However, the impact of SAC on skeletal muscle pathology remains unexplored. Owing to the known anti-inflammatory properties of SAC, we investigated whether pre-treatment with SAC has a protective role in TNFα-induced atrophy in cultured myotubes. METHODS AND RESULTS: C2C12 myotubes were treated with TNFα (100ng/ml) in the presence or absence of SAC (0.01mM). TNFα treatment induced atrophy in myotubes by up-regulating various proteolytic systems i.e. cathepsin L, calpain, ubiquitin-proteasome E3-ligases (MuRF1/atrogin1), caspase 3 and autophagy (Beclin1/LC3B). TNFα also induced the activation of NFκB by stimulating the degradation of IκBα (inhibitor of NFκB), in myotubes. The alterations in proteolytic systems likely contribute to the degradation of muscle-specific proteins and reduce the myotube length, diameter and fusion index. The SAC supplementation significantly impedes TNFα-induced protein loss and protects myotube morphology by suppressing protein catabolic systems and endogenous level of inflammatory molecules namely TNFα, IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14) and Nox. CONCLUSION AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings reveal anti-atrophic role for SAC, as it prevents alterations in protein metabolism and protects myotubes by regulating the level of inflammatory molecules and multiple proteolytic systems responsible for muscle atrophy.


Subject(s)
Cysteine/analogs & derivatives , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects , Muscular Atrophy/prevention & control , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology , Animals , Autophagy/drug effects , Autophagy/genetics , Cell Line , Cysteine/pharmacology , Cytokines/genetics , Cytokines/metabolism , Gene Expression/drug effects , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology , Muscle Proteins/genetics , Muscle Proteins/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Muscular Atrophy/metabolism , Proteolysis/drug effects , TWEAK Receptor/genetics , TWEAK Receptor/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
14.
Pharmacol Res ; 113(Pt A): 636-674, 2016 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27697646

ABSTRACT

An increasing array of anti-diabetic drugs are available today, yet Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) - remains a life threatening disease, causing high mortality and morbidity in developing and developed countries. As of now, no effective therapy is available for the complete eradication/cure of diabetes and its associated complications. Therefore, it is time to re-think and revisit molecular pathways and targets of each existing drug in order to identify multiple targets from different signaling pathways that may be manipulated simultaneously to treat or manage T2DM effectively. Bearing this goal in mind, the article reviews the mechanisms of action of available anti-diabetic drugs with in-depth mechanistic analysis of each therapy. The conventional and herbal strategies are analysed and compared for their benefits and the associated possible side effects. This critical information is necessary not only for the development of better, novel and potent anti-diabetic therapy in future but also for best possible combinational therapies and strategies with the available drugs.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Animals , Disease Management , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Risk , Signal Transduction/drug effects
15.
Alcohol ; 52: 71-78, 2016 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27139240

ABSTRACT

Fatty acid amides (FAAs) in alcoholism lead to liver diseases. These amides have been reported in plasma and in other organs of the body, while their detection or presence in the urine is still unknown. Therefore, the focus of the current study was to detect and analyze FAAs qualitatively in urine samples of alcoholics. Furthermore, the effects of Tinospora cordifolia (hepatoprotective medicinal plant) intervention on FAA levels in moderate alcoholics were also analyzed. In the study, asymptomatic chronic alcoholics (n = 22) without chronic liver disease and nonalcoholic healthy volunteers (n = 24) with a mean age of 39 ± 2.0 years were selected. The first-pass urine and fasting blood samples were collected in the morning on day 0 and day 14 after T. cordifolia water extract (TCE) treatment and analyzed using automated biochemistry analyzer and HPLC-QTOF-MS. Results indicated the increased levels of serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and liver function enzymes in alcoholic subjects, which were significantly down-regulated by TCE intervention. Multivariate discrimination analysis of QTOF-MS data showed increased urinary levels of oleoamide (2.55-fold), palmitamide (5.6-fold), and erucamide (1.6-fold) in alcoholics as compared to control subjects. Levels of oleamide (1.8-fold), palmitamide (1.7-fold), and linoleamide (1.5-fold) were found to be increased in plasma. Treatment with TCE in alcoholics (3.0 g lyophilized water extract/day) significantly decreased the plasma and urinary levels of all FAAs except linoleamide. The HPLC-QTOF-MS approach for FAAs analysis in both urinary and plasma samples of alcoholics worked very well. Moreover, findings (i.e., increased levels of FAAs in urine and in plasma) further support other findings that these amides play a very important role in alcoholism. Further, like our previous findings, TCE proved its hepatoprotective effect against alcoholism not only by lowering the levels of these detected FAAs, but also by decreasing the level of liver-specific enzymes and lipids.


Subject(s)
Alcoholism/drug therapy , Alcoholism/urine , Amidohydrolases/urine , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods , Tinospora , Adult , Alcoholics , Amidohydrolases/antagonists & inhibitors , Biomarkers/urine , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Humans , Male , Plant Extracts/pharmacology
16.
Steroids ; 114: 68-77, 2016 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27016128

ABSTRACT

Chronic and heavy alcohol consumption disrupts lipid metabolism and hormonal balance including testosterone levels. However, studies doubt the relationship between moderate alcohol intake and sex hormone levels. Therefore, the aim of the present investigation was to establish the direct impact of chronic and moderate alcohol intake on cholesterol homeostasis and steroid hormone synthesis. Asymptomatic chronic and moderate alcoholics (n=12) without chronic liver disease and healthy volunteers (n=14) were selected for the study. Furthermore, effects of standardized water extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Mier. (Menispermaceae) (TCJ), a well reported anti-alcoholic herbal drug, on urinary steroids was studied. This study included four groups, i.e. a) healthy; b) healthy+TCJ; c) alcoholic; d) alcoholic+TCJ. The blood and urine samples from each group were collected on day 0 and 14 of the post-treatment with TCJ and analyzed. Alcoholic blood samples showed the significantly higher values of traditional biomarkers γ-GT and MCV along with cholesterol, LDL, TGL and urinary methylglucuronide compared to healthy. Qualitative analysis of steroids showed that moderate alcohol intake in a chronic manner increased the cholesterol synthesis and directed its flow toward C-21 steroids; shown by increased levels of corticosterone (2.456 fold) and cortisol (3.7 fold). Moreover, alcohol intake also increased the synthesis of estradiol and clearance rate of other steroids through the formation of glucuronides. Therefore, it decreased the synthesis and increased the clearance rate of testosterone (T) and androstenedione (A). Quantitative analysis confirmed decreased T/A ratio from 2.31 to 1.59 in plasma and 2.47 to 1.51 in urine samples of alcoholics. TCJ intervention normalized the levels of steroids and significantly improved the T:A ratio to 2.0 and 2.12 in plasma and urine. The study revealed that TCJ modulated lipid metabolism by inhibiting cholesterol and glucuronides synthesis.


Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Steroids/blood , Steroids/urine , Tinospora/chemistry , Adult , Alcoholism/blood , Alcoholism/drug therapy , Alcoholism/urine , Androstenedione/blood , Androstenedione/urine , Chromatography, Liquid , Estradiol/blood , Estradiol/urine , Healthy Volunteers , Humans , Male , Mass Spectrometry , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Testosterone/blood , Testosterone/urine
17.
3 Biotech ; 6(2): 196, 2016 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28330268

ABSTRACT

Emergence of resistant microbes to conventional antibiotics and increased emphasis on health-care costs has raised the concern for the development of new effective antimicrobial reagents. Silver nanoparticles being an excellent broad-spectrum antibacterial agent could be considered as a suitable alternative for existing antibiotic. This study demonstrates the extra-cellular synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles using supernatant of Lysinibacillus varians. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-visible spectrum analysis, X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and FT-IR analysis. The synthesized silver nanoparticles showed a peak around 420 nm. TEM analysis revealed that the size of silver nanoparticles was in the range of 10-20 nm. Silver nanoparticles carry a charge of -39.86 mV, which confirmed the stability of silver nanoparticles. The biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Therefore, the current study reveals an efficient and eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles by L. varians with potent antimicrobial activity.

18.
Pharmacol Res ; 99: 86-100, 2015 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26048279

ABSTRACT

Over the last two decades, new insights into the etiology of skeletal muscle wasting/atrophy under diverse clinical settings including denervation, AIDS, cancer, diabetes, and chronic heart failure have been reported in the literature. However, the treatment of skeletal muscle wasting remains an unresolved challenge to this day. About nineteen potential drugs that can regulate loss of muscle mass have been reported in the literature. This paper reviews the mechanisms of action of all these drugs by broadly classifying them into six different categories. Mechanistic data of these drugs illustrate that they regulate skeletal muscle loss either by down-regulating myostatin, cyclooxygenase2, pro-inflammatory cytokines mediated catabolic wasting or by up-regulating cyclic AMP, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α, growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor1, phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B(Akt) mediated anabolic pathways. So far, five major proteolytic systems that regulate loss of muscle mass have been identified, but the majority of these drugs control only two or three proteolytic systems. In addition to their beneficial effect on restoring the muscle loss, many of these drugs show some level of toxicity and unwanted side effects such as dizziness, hypertension, and constipation. Therefore, further research is needed to understand and develop treatment strategies for muscle wasting. For successful management of skeletal muscle wasting either therapeutic agent which regulates all five known proteolytic systems or new molecular targets/proteolytic systems must be identified.


Subject(s)
Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Muscular Atrophy/drug therapy , Adrenergic beta-Agonists/therapeutic use , Animals , Biological Products/therapeutic use , Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Humans , Models, Biological , Muscle Proteins/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscular Atrophy/etiology , Muscular Atrophy/pathology
19.
Alcohol Alcohol ; 50(3): 271-81, 2015 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25754126

ABSTRACT

AIMS: We have studied urine metabolic signature of chronic alcoholism (CA) before and after treatment with an Ayurvedic drug Tinospora cordifolia aqueous extract (TCE). METHODS: Urinary metabolites of chronic alcoholics and apparently healthy subjects were profiled using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Discrimination models from the initial data sets were able to correctly assign the unknown samples to the CA, treated or healthy groups in validation sets with r(2) > 0.98. RESULTS: Metabolic signature in CA patients include changed tryptophan, fatty acids and pyrimidines metabolism. Several novel biomarkers of alcoholism were observed in urine for the first time which includes, 5-hydroxyindole, phenylacetic acid, picolinic acid, quinaldic acid, histidine, cystathionine, riboflavin, tetrahydrobiopterin and chenodeoxyglycocholic acid, in addition to previously reported biomarkers. Treatment of CA with TCE reverted the levels of most of the biomarkers except tetrahydrobiopterin levels. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that the measurement of these urine metabolites could be used as a non-invasive diagnostic method for the detection of CA. As TCE treatment significantly reversed the affected pathways without any side effect. Overall, the present data depicts that TCE may be used either alone or adjunct in reducing alcohol-induced disorders.


Subject(s)
Alcoholism/drug therapy , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Plant Stems , Tinospora , Adult , Alanine Transaminase/blood , Alcoholism/blood , Alcoholism/urine , Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood , Biomarkers/urine , Blood Glucose , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Erythrocyte Indices , Humans , Male , Mass Spectrometry , Metabolomics , Treatment Outcome , Triglycerides/blood , Uric Acid/blood , gamma-Glutamyltransferase/blood
20.
ISRN Pharm ; 2013: 293935, 2013.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23986876

ABSTRACT

High performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer was used for separation and identification of phenolic and other compounds in the water extracts of Saraca asoca (Roxb.), De. Wilde. The aim of the study was to identify and evaluate the distribution of phenolic compounds in the different parts of the plant. The identity of compounds was established through the comparison with standards and characteristic base peaks as well as other daughter ions. In crude extracts, 34 catechin derivatives, 34 flavonoids, and 17 other compounds were identified. Interestingly, further analysis of compounds showed plant part specific unique pattern of metabolites; that is, regenerated bark is observed to be the best source for catechin/catechin derivative while flowers were found to be the source for wide variety of flavonoids. Moreover, these plant part specific compounds can be used as biomarkers for the identification of plant material or herbal drugs. Overall, the present study provides for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the phenolic components of this herb which may be helpful not only to understand their usage but also to contribute to quality control as well.

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