Higher Disability in Women Than Men Scheduled for Total Knee Arthroplasty for Degenerative Osteoarthritis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis From India.

OBJECTIVE: Higher level impairments and activity limitation among those scheduled for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is known. Sex differences in participation restriction which is the final domain of disablement pathway is not known. No data from developing countries exist on sex differences in disability levels at the time of TKA. METHODS: In a cross-sectional analysis of 240 patients (188 women; 72 men) scheduled for TKA, impairment (pain, symptoms, quadricep muscle strength, and knee range of motion [ROM]), activity limitation (self-reported and objective performance-based measurements), and participation restriction were compared. Multivariable regression analyses were used to adjust for key sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Associations between impairments and participation restriction were analyzed. RESULTS: Compared with men, women were more likely to have higher levels of impairment (knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome pain score adjusted mean difference [aMD]: -6.9 [95% confidence interval {CI} -13.7 to -0.18]; flexion ROM of less than 100° adjusted odds ratio: 5.7 [95% CI 1.6-20.3]; and 36% lower muscle strength [95% CI 24%-49%]) and lower objectively measured functional ability (walking speed aMD: -0.12 m/s [95% CI -0.23 to -0.02]; stair climbing time aMD: 9.5 s [95% CI 1.5-17.5]). Participation restriction was higher in women compared with men. Of the impairment measures (pain, ROM, and muscle strength), pain contributed to participation restriction in both sexes. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated higher levels of disability in women than in men at the time of TKA. Effect of pain on participation restriction was higher compared with muscle strength and ROM. Evidence of delay in decision-making to undergo TKA and reasons for delay need to be studied specifically in the context of lower middle-income countries.

Consensus physical activity guidelines for Asian Indians.

India is currently undergoing rapid economic, demographic, and lifestyle transformations. A key feature of the latter transformation has been inappropriate and inadequate diets and decreases in physical activity. Data from various parts of India have shown a steady increase in the prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the metabolic syndrome, hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), etc., frequently in association with overweight or obesity. Comparative data show that Asian Indians are more sedentary than white Caucasians. In this review, the Consensus Group considered the available physical activity guidelines from international and Indian studies and formulated India-specific guidelines. A total of 60 min of physical activity is recommended every day for healthy Asian Indians in view of the high predisposition to develop T2DM and CHD. This should include at least 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, 15 min of work-related activity, and 15 min of muscle-strengthening exercises. For children, moderate-intensity physical activity for 60 min daily should be in the form of sport and physical activity. This consensus statement also includes physical activity guidelines for pregnant women, the elderly, and those suffering from obesity, T2DM, CHD, etc. Proper application of guidelines is likely to have a significant impact on the prevalence and management of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, T2DM, and CHD in Asian Indians.

Effect of supervised progressive resistance-exercise training protocol on insulin sensitivity, glycemia, lipids, and body composition in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of supervised progressive resistance-exercise training (PRT) protocol on insulin sensitivity, glycemia (blood glucose and A1C levels), lipids, and body composition in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty patients with type 2 diabetes underwent 12 weeks of PRT of six muscle groups (two sets, 10 repetitions each). The subjects were evaluated with detailed anthropometry and with measurements of the disappearance of glucose per unit time (K) during the short insulin tolerance test (K(ITT)) for assessment of insulin sensitivity; of fasting blood glucose, A1C, lipids, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP); of total body fat, regional fat, and lean body mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; and of cross-sectional skeletal muscle area of upper arm and thigh by computed tomography scan. RESULTS: Insulin sensitivity improved significantly from mean +/- SD K(ITT) 1.22 +/- 0.73 to 2.13 +/- 0.75 (P < 0.0001) after the intervention. Significant decline (mean difference +/- SD) from baseline was recorded in levels of the following parameters: A1C (0.54 +/- 0.4%, P < 0.001), fasting blood glucose (2.7 +/- 2.2 mmol/l, P < 0.001), total cholesterol (0.39 +/- 0.7 mmol/l, P = 0.003), serum triglycerides (0.39 +/- 0.5 mmol/l, P < 0.001), and truncal and peripheral subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments (SCAT) (P < 0.001). However, no significant changes were noticed in BMI or levels of total body fat, truncal fat, lean body mass, cross-sectional skeletal muscle area of the extremities, or hsCRP levels. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate-intensity PRT for 3 months resulted in significant improvement in insulin sensitivity, glycemia, lipids, and truncal and peripheral SCAT in patients with type 2 diabetes. Resistance training should be an integral part of exercise regimen in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes.