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1.
Protoplasma ; 256(1): 227-235, 2019 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30069603

ABSTRACT

In this study, we evaluated the behavior of 45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sites during the meiosis of Lolium multiflorum. The reason to study it in this species is that 45S rDNA sites are usually visualized as gaps in mitotic metaphase chromosomes and were initially denominated fragile sites (FSs). In different species, FSs were related to rearrangements that alter the karyotype and affect the chromosome pairing in meiosis. However, our findings show that the chromosome pairing in L. multiflorum is regular and, as in mitosis, the number of sites is variable. In diakinesis with five sites, one of the bivalents was in hemizygous state while, in diakinesis with seven sites, one of the bivalents had three conspicuous signals, two in syntheny in one of the homologous. Only four cells had gaps in the region of the 45S rDNA. Owing to the lower number of signals observed at the initial stages of meiosis, it is assumed that they are involved both in homologous and non-homologous associations and that they might assist the chromosome pairing. Regarding segregation, only meiocytes with five and six 45S rDNA signals were observed, and they were characterized by the segregation of 2/3 signals in the poles of anaphases I up to metaphases II; 2/2 and 3/3 in anaphases II and telophases II; and also 2/2 and 4/4 in the nuclei of tetrads, unlike the number of 45S signals expected. The numerical non-equivalence of sites among nuclei at later stages of meiosis is explained by the presence of chromosomes with hemizygous sites.


Subject(s)
Chromosome Fragile Sites/genetics , DNA, Ribosomal/genetics , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods , Meiosis
2.
Mol Biol Rep ; 45(6): 1663-1679, 2018 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30121822

ABSTRACT

The grasses of the Lolium-Festuca complex show a prominent role in world agricultural scenario. Several studies have demonstrated that the plasticity of 45S rDNA sites has been recently associated with the possible fragility of the loci. Often, these fragile sites were observed as extended sites and gaps in metaphases. This organization can be evaluated in relation to their transcriptional activity/accessibility through epigenetic changes. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relationship of the 5-methylcytosine and histone H3 lysine-9 dimethylation in different conformations of 45S rDNA sites in interphase nuclei and in metaphase chromosomes of L. perenne, L. multiflorum and F. arundinacea. The FISH technique using 45S rDNA probes was performed sequentially after the immunolocalization. The sites showed predominantly the following characteristics in the interphase nuclei: intra- and perinucleolar position, decondensed or partially condensed and hypomethylated and hyper/hypomethylated status. Extranucleolar sites were mainly hypermethylated for both epigenetic marks. The 45S rDNA sites with gaps identified in metaphases were always hypomethylated, which justifies it decondensed and transcriptional state. The frequency of sites with hypermethylated gaps was very low. The structural differences observed in these sites are directly related to the assessed epigenetic marks, justifying the different conformations throughout the cell cycle.


Subject(s)
Festuca/genetics , Lolium/genetics , RNA, Ribosomal/genetics , 5-Methylcytosine/metabolism , Cell Cycle , Cell Nucleus , Chromosome Fragile Sites , Chromosomes, Plant/genetics , DNA Methylation , DNA, Ribosomal/genetics , Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics , Epigenomics/methods , Festuca/cytology , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods , Interphase/genetics , Lolium/cytology , Metaphase
3.
Protoplasma ; 254(1): 285-292, 2017 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26758880

ABSTRACT

Fragile sites (FSs) in plants have been described for species like Lolium and other grasses. Whereas in humans FSs were shown to be involved in genome instabilities; the consequences of FSs expression in plants are not known yet. To evaluate whether FSs cause karyotype instabilities, we assessed the frequency of micronuclei and lagging chromosomes in meristematic cells, the stability of the DNA content, and the occurrence of neocentromeres in the presumed chromosomal fragments of Lolium perenne, Lolium multiflorum, Festuca arrundinacea, and two Festulolium hybrids. The cell cycle analysis along with flow cytometric genome size measurements showed high stability in all genomes evaluated. Neocentromeric activity was neither observed in the presumed fragments nor in any other chromosomal region, then this is not the mechanism responsible by the stability. However, Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a 45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) probe in combination with YOYO staining of metaphasic chromosomes showed that many extended nucleolus organizing region (NOR) form very thin YOYO-positive chromatin fibers connecting the acentric 'fragment' with the centromere-containing chromosome region. The obtained data indicate that the expression of FSs does not result in genome instabilities or neocentromere formation. The FS-containing 45S rDNA carrying chromatin fibers undergo a cell cycle and gene activity-dependent dynamic decondensation process.


Subject(s)
Chromosomes, Plant/genetics , Festuca/genetics , Genomic Instability , Karyotype , Lolium/genetics , RNA, Ribosomal/genetics , Cell Count , Chromosome Fragile Sites/genetics , Flow Cytometry , Genotype , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence , Metaphase/genetics
4.
Ciênc. rural ; 47(2): 20150767, 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-828464

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: Chromosome doubling of Italian ryegrass genotypes ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) adapted to the brazilian edaphoclimatic conditions is an important strategy used by breeders and aims to obtain more vigorous genotypes with better forage quality and disease resistance. The effectiveness of chromosome doubling can be measured by genetic stability and fertility rates of plants over generations. However, a common problem in the polyploidization process is the regeneration of mixoploid plants that have impaired fertility and genetic stability. The objective of this study was to verify if progenies of recently tetraploidized plants remain stable regarding DNA content and chromosome number, over two generations. Progenies of L. multiflorum plants artificially tetraploidized with colchicine treatment were evaluated. Chromosome counting and estimates of the DNA content were used to evaluate the genetic stability. The percentage of tetraploid plants (4X) increased over generations (18%, 34% and 91% in cycle 0, 1 and 2, respectively). All progenies identified as tetraploid by flow citometry showed variation in chromosome number (mixoploidy), but produced viable seeds. Results showed that stabilization in chromosome number and DNA content in tetraploidized plant progenies requires time and that the success of this procedure depends on a continuous and accurate screening and selection.


RESUMO: A duplicação cromossômica de genótipos de azevém anual ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) adaptados às condições edafoclimáticas brasileira é uma estratégia importante usada pelos melhoristas e visa a obtenção de genótipos mais vigorosos com melhor qualidade de forragem e resistência a doenças. A eficiência da duplicação cromossômica pode ser medida pela estabilidade genética e taxas de fertilidade das plantas ao longo das gerações. No entanto, um dos problemas comumente encontrados no processo de poliploidização é a regeneração de plantas mixoploides que apresentam comprometimento na fertilidade e instabilidade genética. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se progênies oriundas de plantas tetraploidizadas recentemente se mantêm estáveis quanto ao conteúdo de DNA e ao número cromossômico, ao longo de duas gerações. Foram avaliadas progênies de plantas de L. multiflorum tetraploidizadas artificialmente com tratamento de colchicina. A estabilidade genética foi avaliada por meio de contagens cromossômicas e estimativa da quantidade de DNA. A porcentagem de plantas tetraploides (4X) aumentou ao longo das gerações (18%, 34% e 91% no ciclo de 0, 1 e 2, respectivamente). Todas as progênies identificadas como tetraploides por meio de citometria de fluxo apresentaram variação no número cromossômico (mixoploidia), entretanto, produziram sementes viáveis. Os resultados demonstraram que a estabilização no número cromossômico e no conteúdo de DNA em progênies de plantas tetraploidizadas requer tempo e que o sucesso desse procedimento depende de um contínuo e rigoroso monitoramento e seleção.

5.
Mol Biol Rep ; 43(7): 659-65, 2016 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27174104

ABSTRACT

Sites of 45S rDNA of Lolium are regions denominated fragile sites (FSs), constituting regions slightly stained with DAPI due to increased DNA unpacking in metaphasic chromosomes. Considered to be fragile regions in the genome, the FSs might be more responsive to induced breaks and result in chromosomal fragments and rearrangements, unless repairing mechanisms such as recombination or de novo telomere formation play a role at the break site of the DNA. Thus, this study aimed at investigating if SFs from Lolium are hotspots for the occurrence of breakages induced by X-ray and if they are regions favorable to synthesize new telomeres, using Hordeum vulgare as a comparative model. Lolium multiflorum and H. vulgare seedlings were irradiated with 20 and 50 Gy X-ray and evaluated one day following the irradiation and at 7-days intervals for a 28-days period, using FISH technique with 45S rDNA and Arabidopsis-type telomere probes in order to investigate the presence of chromosomal breakages and new telomere formation. H. vulgare did not survive after a few days of irradiation due to the increased rate of abnormalities. L. multiflorum also exhibited chromosomal abnormalities following the exposure, yet over the 28-days trial it had a decrease in the chromosomal damage rate and formation of de novo telomere has not been detected along this time. Despite being considered to be fragile regions in the genome, the 45S rDNA sites of Lolium are not hotspots to chromosomal breakages after the induction of breakages.


Subject(s)
Chromosome Breakage , Chromosome Fragile Sites/radiation effects , Lolium/genetics , RNA, Plant/genetics , RNA, Ribosomal/genetics , Genes, Plant , Lolium/cytology , Lolium/radiation effects , Metaphase , X-Rays
6.
Ciênc. rural ; 46(1): 53-59, jan. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-766994

ABSTRACT

This study aims to verify, accurate and precisely, the responses of Italian ryegrass 'BRS Ponteio' cultivar to different frequencies of defoliation for forage production and especially for seed production. For this purpose, a randomized block design experiment with four replications was conducted. Four frequencies of defoliation were applied (zero, one, two, and three) based on the thermal sum, evaluating the rate of leaf appearance (LAR), phyllochron (P), leaf expansion rate (LER), leaf senescence rate (LSR), stems expansion rate (SER), tillering rate (TR), leaf life span (LL), forage production, proportion of leaf blades, stems plus sheaths, senescent material, and inflorescences, as well as seed production. Second defoliation noticeably altered the morphogenic plant responses, reduced expansion rates and leaf appearance, increased rates of tillering and stems expansion. This phenotypic maintained a high seed production and provided a harvest of forage mass 100% higher than the collected mass in the first cutting. Third defoliation led to an increase of 100% of the harvested forage mass; however, it caused drastic and negative changes in the morphogenic characteristics and seed yielding.


O presente estudo teve o objetivo de verificar, de forma precisa e detalhada, as respostas da cultivar de azevém anual 'BRS Ponteio', às diferentes frequências de desfolha para a produção de forragem e de sementes. Realizou-se, para tanto, um experimento com delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram aplicadas quatro frequências de desfolhas (sem, uma, duas e três) baseando-se no acúmulo térmico, onde se avaliou a taxa de aparecimento de folhas (TApF), o filocrono (F), a taxa de expansão de folhas (TEF), taxa de senescência de folhas (TScF), taxa de expansão dos colmos (TEC), taxa de perfilhamento (TP), duração de vida da folha (DVF), produção de forragem, proporção de lâminas foliares, colmos mais bainhas, material senescente e inflorescências em cada tratamento, bem como a produção de sementes. A segunda desfolha alterou marcadamente as respostas morfogênicas da planta, reduziu as taxas de expansão e aparecimento de folhas e aumentou as taxas de perfilhamento e de expansão do colmo. Esta plasticidade fenotípica manteve a alta produção de sementes da planta e propiciou a colheita de massa de forragem 100% superior à massa colhida no primeiro corte. A terceira desfolha propiciou o aumento de 100% da massa de forragem colhida, todavia, promoveu alterações drásticas e negativas nas características morfogênicas e no rendimento de sementes.

7.
Protoplasma ; 252(2): 451-60, 2015 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25141824

ABSTRACT

Lolium perenne is considered a high-quality forage widely used in temperate regions to meet the shortage of forage during the winter. In this species, some peculiarities related to cytogenetic aspects have already been described, as the variability in number and position of 45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sites and the expression of fragile sites, which require further studies to support the understanding of their causes and consequences. In this way, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the expression of fragile sites and functional repetitive sequences (rDNA and telomeric) in chromosomes of diploid and polyploid cultivars of L. perenne. The techniques of FISH, Ag-NOR and fluorescence banding were used to assess the distribution of sites of 45S rDNA, 5S, telomeric sequences, and the transcriptional activity of the 45S ribosomal genes and the distribution of AT- and/or GC-rich sequences in L. perenne, respectively. There was variability in the number and location of 45S rDNA sites, which was not observed for 5S rDNA sites. One of the genotypes showed two 45S rDNA sites on the same chromosome, located in different chromosome arms. Breaks and gaps were found in 45S rDNA sites in most metaphases evaluated for both cultivars. Telomeric sequences were not detected at the end of the chromosomal fragments corresponding to the location of breaks at 45S sites. Apparently, the transcriptional activity was modified in fragile sites. Variation in the number and size of nucleoli, nucleolar fusions and dissociations were observed. All CMA(+) bands were colocalized with the 45S sites.


Subject(s)
Chromosomes, Plant/genetics , Lolium/genetics , Cell Nucleolus/genetics , Cell Nucleolus/ultrastructure , Chromosome Banding , Chromosome Fragile Sites , DNA, Plant/genetics , DNA, Ribosomal/genetics , Lolium/cytology , Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid , Synteny
8.
Ciênc. rural ; 40(12): 2527-2533, dez. 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-570606

ABSTRACT

Populações locais são fonte de variabilidade genética e adaptação para os programas de melhoramento; entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre as populações de azevém anual naturalizadas na América do Sul. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar um conjunto de populações locais de azevém para produção de matéria seca e outros caracteres de importância agronômica e verificar a divergência existente entre essas populações. Foram avaliadas 36 populações, em um delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. A produção de matéria seca variou de 1752,53 a 3905,67kg ha-1, com dezenove populações no grupo superior e a cultivar 'BRS Ponteio' como primeira do ranking. As populações brasileiras de azevém diferem para produção de matéria seca, bem como para produção de matéria seca no inverno e é possível identificar populações com ciclo produtivo mais longo.


Landraces are an important source of genetic variability in breeding programs. In spite of this, little is known about South American Italian ryegrass populations. The objectives of this research were to characterize a group of Brazilian Landraces of Italian ryegrass for dry matter production and other traits of agronomic importance, and to study genetic divergence among them. Thirty-seven populations were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replications. Dry matter production varied from 1752.53 to 3905.67kg ha-1, with nineteen populations in the most productive group and 'BRS Ponteio' ranking as the first one. Brazilian ryegrass populations differ for dry matter production and winter dry matter production. Populations with longer vegetative cycle may be identified.

9.
Ciênc. rural ; 40(1): 83-88, jan.-fev. 2010. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-537374

ABSTRACT

Mitotic and meiotic analyses using conventional and fluorescent stains were employed in plants (accession ETBAZ 055 - origin: Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil) from the Germplasm Active Bank of Ryegrass (Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Azevém) of Embrapa, for observing the behaviour of B chromosomes. In several meiotic stages, there were observed up to two B chromosomes, which have presented an unstable behaviour regarding their precocious ascension to metaphase I or delays during anaphase I. At the end of the process, the Bs showed predominantly segregation for the nuclei under formation in order to guarantee their propagation. Concerning the cells that comprise the anther tapetum and the root meristems, the B chromosomes have presented a more stable behaviour.


Análises mitóticas e meióticas com coloração convencional e fluorescente foram realizadas em plantas (acesso ETBAZ 055 - procedência Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul) provenientes do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Azevém da Embrapa para observar o comportamento dos cromossomos B. Em vários estágios da meiose, foram observados um a dois cromossomos B, os quais apresentaram um comportamento instável, com ascensão precoce na metáfase I ou atrasos na anáfase I. Ao final do processo, os Bs exibiram predominantemente segregação para os núcleos em formação, a fim de garantir a sua propagação. Nas células que constituem o tapete da antera e nos meristemas da raiz, os cromossomos B apresentaram um comportamento mais estável.

10.
Ciênc. agrotec., (Impr.) ; 32(2): 567-572, mar.-abr. 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-483363

ABSTRACT

Na Região Sudeste o período do inverno é caracterizado pela escassez e perda de qualidade das pastagens, sendo o azevém anual uma das forrageiras invernais mais recomendadas para suplementação da dieta dos rebanhos leiteiros nesta época do ano. Com este trabalho, buscou-se avaliar o comportamento de populações de azevém resultantes de coleta de germoplasma. Foram avaliadas 30 populações, sendo 22 resultantes de coletas recentes realizadas na Região Sul e oito pertencentes à coleção da Embrapa. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com três repetições, sendo realizados sete cortes. Foram avaliados: altura da planta, porcentagem e produção de matéria seca, rebrota, número de dias até o florescimento e produção de sementes. Observou-se variação entre as populações para todas as características avaliadas. A estimativa da produção total de matéria seca variou de 3654 kg/ha (população LE 284) a 8544 kg/ha (CNPGL 164). Os resultados demonstraram elevado potencial de produção de forragem entre as populações de azevém coletadas, sendo que algumas delas podem ser recomendadas para cultivo invernal na Região Sudeste.


In the Southeast Region of Brazil, the winter season is characterized by poor quality and low availability of the pastures. In that region the annual ryegrass is one of the most recommended winter forage to be used for dairy cattle diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of ryegrass populations under the Mata Atlantica environment. From the 30 evaluated populations, 22 were collected and eight belong to Embrapa's collection. A randomized blocks design with three replications was used, and seven cuts were done. Plant height, percent and dry matter production, regrowth, days to flowering and seed production were recorded. For all these parameters there were differences between populations. Total dry matter production varied from 3654 kg/ha (LE 284) to 8544 kg/ha (CNPGL 164 population). The results showed that collected ryegrass populations have high potential for forage production and some of them can be recommended for Southeast region during the winter season.

11.
Ciênc. rural ; 35(3): 684-690, maio-jun. 2005. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-400574

ABSTRACT

As temperaturas baixas e geadas que ocorrem na Região Sul, durante a estação fria, determinam uma diminuição em quantidade e qualidade das pastagens. Para suprir as necessidades dos animais nos períodos de escassez de forragem, a silagem de milho tem sido muito utilizada. Tem sido apontada a existência de diferenças entre genótipos de milho quanto à produção e qualidade da silagem obtida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o potencial de híbridos comerciais de milho para produção de silagem na Região Sul do Brasil. Vinte e um híbridos foram testados em sete locais (Cascavel, Chapecó, Ijuí, Lages, Ponta Grossa, Teutônia e Urussanga), em delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Foram avaliados a produção de matéria seca e o potencial de produção de leite, estimado com base em análises bromatológicas. Houve diferença significativa entre híbridos quanto aos caracteres avaliados. As médias dos híbridos variaram de 11,27 a 14,83t ha-1 para produção de matéria seca e de 4,868 a 7,207kg ha-1 para produção de leite. Os efeitos de local e da interação de híbrido por local também foram importantes na determinação dos caracteres. As médias dos locais para produção de matéria seca variaram de 8,69 a 19,22t ha-1 e para produção de leite de 3,845 a 8,515kg ha-1, tendo Cascavel apresentado os valores mais altos. Existe variabilidade entre os materiais indicados para cultivo na Região Sul do Brasil quanto ao potencial de utilização na forma de silagem. Entretanto, como a classificação dos híbridos é fortemente influenciada pela interação de genótipos por ambientes, é necessário que as recomendações sejam regionalizadas.

12.
Ciênc. rural ; 34(4): 1249-1250, jul.-ago. 2004. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-383008

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a variabilidade intrapopulacional existente para caracteres relacionados à produção precoce de matéria seca e duração do ciclo vegetativo em uma população de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum). Foram avaliadas 500 plantas para o número de dias para o florescimento, além de vigor, altura de planta e número de afilhos, medidos 90 dias após a semeadura. Houve grande variabilidade para os caracteres avaliados e as correlações entre produção precoce e duração do ciclo vegetativo foram baixas, indicando que é possível obter cultivares de azevém com maior período de utilização.

13.
Ciênc. rural ; 26(1): 33-37, jan.-br. 1996. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-623011

ABSTRACT

Foi conduzido um experimento a campo nos anos de 1993 e 1994, em Eldorado do Sul-RS, com o objetivo de estimar a herdabilidade dos caracteres ciclo, da emergência até o florescimento, e estatura de planta em aveia, para aumentar a eficiência da seleção artificial. Os valores de herdabilidade foram estimados segundo o sistema de regressão desenvolvido por LUSH (1940) para 19 populações segregantes, conduzidas pelo método genealógico. Em 1993, a cada semana, l0 plantas foram identificadas quanto ao ciclo por população segregante F3, num total de 5 semanas. A estatura de planta foi aferida 15 dias após a antese. Em 1994, as populações F4 tiveram todas suas plantas medidas e identificadas quanto ao ciclo. Distintos valores de herdabilidade (significativos a 1%) para os caracteres adaptativos foram obtidos nas diferentes populações segregantes, variando de 0,19 a 0,59 para ciclo e de 0,43 a 0,92 para estatura de planta. Os maiores valores de herdabilidade indicam alta probabilidade de ganho de seleção em gerações segregantes de aveia, devido a pequena influência relativa do ambiente e a possibilidade de uso de maiores intensidades de seleção.


Field experiments were conducted in 1993 and 1994 in Eldorado do Sul, RS aiming to increment the efficiency of artificial selection in oat for the adaptative traits heading date and plantheight. The heritability (h²) was estimated for 19 segregating populations conducted by the pedigree method and using linear regression as proposed by LUSH (1940). Measurements were taken weekly for heading date from 10 plants in each F3 segregant population during five subsequent weeks in 1993. Plant height was mesured 15 days after anthesis. In 1994, the F4 populations were measured for plant height and heading date. Different h² values were obtained for each trait from the different segregating populations. The heritability values were from 0.19 to 0.59 for heading date and from 0.43 to 0.92 for plant height. The high h² estimates as obtained for these two adaptative traits indicate that artificial selection can be succefully done in early generations.

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