Necrotic wound caused by jararaca (Bothrops jararaca) in a dog - hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBTO)

Background: Snakebites are the main responsible for envenoming in dogs and the bothropic venom remains the mostcommon in Brazil, which can induce a necrotic skin wound. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) use 100% oxygen underhigh pressure and used to treat different wounds in human patients. To the authors’ knowledge, no reports regarding to usethe HBOT in skin wound caused by snakebite (Bothrops jararaca) are present in the literature. The present clinical caseaimed to describe the use of HBOT for the treatment of an extensive necrotic wound caused by jararaca snakebite in a dog.Case: A neutered 8-year-old mixed-breed dog, weighing 12 kg, was admitted with a 7-day history of extensive necroticwound was identified in the face and neck causing by a snakebite, and no sign of pain. The procedure of HBOT (singlesessions of 1.5 ATM, 45 min, repeated every 48 h, up to 12 sessions) was decided, and the complete blood cells, alanineaminotransferase, creatinine, creatine kinase, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, wound clinicalevaluation were measured at the following time-points: 2nd, 5th, 10th, and 12th sessions. At the 5th session was identifiedleukopenia, neutropenia and lymphopenia. Wound re-epithelialization was initiated after the 5th session, and the completeepithelialization was identified at the 12th session of HBOT. During the HBOT no side effects were identified. Threemonths after the HBOT finished, the animal returned to the clinic and the clinical status evolved positively, and the woundwas completed healed.Discussion: This report described the treatment of an extensive necrotic skin wound caused by snakebite (Bothrops jararaca)in an 8-year-old, neutered, mixed-breed dog using the HBOT. The wound healing...

Necrotic wound caused by jararaca (Bothrops jararaca) in a dog - hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBTO)

Background: Snakebites are the main responsible for envenoming in dogs and the bothropic venom remains the mostcommon in Brazil, which can induce a necrotic skin wound. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) use 100% oxygen underhigh pressure and used to treat different wounds in human patients. To the authors knowledge, no reports regarding to usethe HBOT in skin wound caused by snakebite (Bothrops jararaca) are present in the literature. The present clinical caseaimed to describe the use of HBOT for the treatment of an extensive necrotic wound caused by jararaca snakebite in a dog.Case: A neutered 8-year-old mixed-breed dog, weighing 12 kg, was admitted with a 7-day history of extensive necroticwound was identified in the face and neck causing by a snakebite, and no sign of pain. The procedure of HBOT (singlesessions of 1.5 ATM, 45 min, repeated every 48 h, up to 12 sessions) was decided, and the complete blood cells, alanineaminotransferase, creatinine, creatine kinase, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, wound clinicalevaluation were measured at the following time-points: 2nd, 5th, 10th, and 12th sessions. At the 5th session was identifiedleukopenia, neutropenia and lymphopenia. Wound re-epithelialization was initiated after the 5th session, and the completeepithelialization was identified at the 12th session of HBOT. During the HBOT no side effects were identified. Threemonths after the HBOT finished, the animal returned to the clinic and the clinical status evolved positively, and the woundwas completed healed.Discussion: This report described the treatment of an extensive necrotic skin wound caused by snakebite (Bothrops jararaca)in an 8-year-old, neutered, mixed-breed dog using the HBOT. The wound healing...(AU)

Urolitíase obstrutiva em equino / Obstructive urolithiasis in horse

Background: Obstructive urinary tract disease in horses is a rare and low prevalence pathology in the species, but potentially severe. It is an emergency condition that presents variable clinical signs and depends on the anatomical locationof the obstruction. The bladder calculus are the most common followed by the urethra and less commonly seen are thekidney or ureteral. The main crystalloid component of uroliths in horses is calcium carbonate. The higher prevalence ofurolithiasis in male horses is justified by some anatomical differences between genders. The urethra of males is narrowerand longer than that of females. The tissue injury is the most important factor for the development of uroliths in horses.Desquamation of epithelial cells, presence of leukocyte and necrotic cell debris are relevant contributors to crystal growth.Urinary stasis favors nucleation by increasing the chance of contact between crystalloid material and urinary epithelium.Once crystal growth has begun, the urine alkalinity of the equines favors the crystallization and further deposition of othercomponents, especially calcium carbonate. Typical clinical signs of urolithiasis include tenesmus, dysuria, strangury andpolaquiuria. Hematuria is often present, mainly observed after exercise and at the end of urination. In addition signs ofcolic are quite frequent in the acute bladder and urethral urolithiasis due to bladder distension. Upper urinary tract surgerymay be technically challenging due to limited structural exposure, especially in adult horses The prognosis for horses withurolithiasis depends on the location of the urolith and the degree of renal injury that occurred.Case: This report aims to describe a rare case of obstructive urolithiasis in a 8-year-old castrated male horse with 24 hevolution. The horse was expressing signs of abdominal pain and during the transretal examination through palpation...(AU)

Bypass ileal seguido de tiflostomia no tratamento de abdomen agudo em equino / Ileal bypass followed by tiflostomy to treat acute abdomen in a horse

Background: Equine gastrointestinal colic cases represent one of the diseases with higher morbidity and mortality. Short and long term survivals are commonly correlated with the colic causes, being considered 50 % the survival rate of horses referred to surgery because of small intestine strangulative causes. The jejuno-caecostomy technique is recommended in cases of ileum necrosis or ischemia that indicates ileum removal. The survival rate after this procedure is low, being even lower than others common terminal-terminal enteroanastomoses. This study reports a case of jejuno-caecostomy followed by tiflopexy and tiflostomy performed in a colic horse. Case: A 12-year-old mare, mangalarga breed, with a history of acute abdomen during 18 h was referred to the FZEA-USP equine hospital. According to the owner, the animal suffered previous episodes of colic that had been solved without treatment. On this occasion, the owner, without veterinary advice, had administered 10 mL of flunixin meglumine, but the animal did not show improvement. During the examination, the patient presented tachycardia, tachypnea, toxemic mucosa, a large amount of enterogastric reflux, and it was possible to observe distended small intestine during rectal palpation. The horse was referred to surgery; it was possible to identify necrosis of the ileum and 30 cm of the aboral segment of the jejunum, caused by strangulation due to a pedunculated lipoma localized in the medial band of the caecum. Latero-lateral jejuno-caecostomy was performed between the medial and dorsal bands of the caecum, using polyglactin 910, nº 2.0, potassium penicillin 30.000 IU / kg, every 6 h, gentamicin 6.6 mg / kg, every 24 h, flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg / kg, every 12 h and maintenance fluid therapy were performed post operatively. The animal had ileus and severe enterogastric reflux for five days postoperatively, showing severe signs of endotoxemia, and parenteral hydration seemed to be not enough. So it was...

Urolitíase obstrutiva em equino / Obstructive urolithiasis in horse

Background: Obstructive urinary tract disease in horses is a rare and low prevalence pathology in the species, but potentially severe. It is an emergency condition that presents variable clinical signs and depends on the anatomical locationof the obstruction. The bladder calculus are the most common followed by the urethra and less commonly seen are thekidney or ureteral. The main crystalloid component of uroliths in horses is calcium carbonate. The higher prevalence ofurolithiasis in male horses is justified by some anatomical differences between genders. The urethra of males is narrowerand longer than that of females. The tissue injury is the most important factor for the development of uroliths in horses.Desquamation of epithelial cells, presence of leukocyte and necrotic cell debris are relevant contributors to crystal growth.Urinary stasis favors nucleation by increasing the chance of contact between crystalloid material and urinary epithelium.Once crystal growth has begun, the urine alkalinity of the equines favors the crystallization and further deposition of othercomponents, especially calcium carbonate. Typical clinical signs of urolithiasis include tenesmus, dysuria, strangury andpolaquiuria. Hematuria is often present, mainly observed after exercise and at the end of urination. In addition signs ofcolic are quite frequent in the acute bladder and urethral urolithiasis due to bladder distension. Upper urinary tract surgerymay be technically challenging due to limited structural exposure, especially in adult horses The prognosis for horses withurolithiasis depends on the location of the urolith and the degree of renal injury that occurred.Case: This report aims to describe a rare case of obstructive urolithiasis in a 8-year-old castrated male horse with 24 hevolution. The horse was expressing signs of abdominal pain and during the transretal examination through palpation...

Bypass ileal seguido de tiflostomia no tratamento de abdomen agudo em equino / Ileal bypass followed by tiflostomy to treat acute abdomen in a horse

Background: Equine gastrointestinal colic cases represent one of the diseases with higher morbidity and mortality. Short and long term survivals are commonly correlated with the colic causes, being considered 50 % the survival rate of horses referred to surgery because of small intestine strangulative causes. The jejuno-caecostomy technique is recommended in cases of ileum necrosis or ischemia that indicates ileum removal. The survival rate after this procedure is low, being even lower than others common terminal-terminal enteroanastomoses. This study reports a case of jejuno-caecostomy followed by tiflopexy and tiflostomy performed in a colic horse. Case: A 12-year-old mare, mangalarga breed, with a history of acute abdomen during 18 h was referred to the FZEA-USP equine hospital. According to the owner, the animal suffered previous episodes of colic that had been solved without treatment. On this occasion, the owner, without veterinary advice, had administered 10 mL of flunixin meglumine, but the animal did not show improvement. During the examination, the patient presented tachycardia, tachypnea, toxemic mucosa, a large amount of enterogastric reflux, and it was possible to observe distended small intestine during rectal palpation. The horse was referred to surgery; it was possible to identify necrosis of the ileum and 30 cm of the aboral segment of the jejunum, caused by strangulation due to a pedunculated lipoma localized in the medial band of the caecum. Latero-lateral jejuno-caecostomy was performed between the medial and dorsal bands of the caecum, using polyglactin 910, nº 2.0, potassium penicillin 30.000 IU / kg, every 6 h, gentamicin 6.6 mg / kg, every 24 h, flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg / kg, every 12 h and maintenance fluid therapy were performed post operatively. The animal had ileus and severe enterogastric reflux for five days postoperatively, showing severe signs of endotoxemia, and parenteral hydration seemed to be not enough. So it was...(AU)