Improving HIV preexposure prophylaxis uptake with artificial intelligence and automation: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To identify studies promoting the use of artificial intelligence (AI) or automation with HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care and explore ways for AI to be used in PrEP interventions. DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: We searched in the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research Synthesis database through November 2023; PROSPERO (CRD42023458870). We included studies published in English that reported using AI or automation in PrEP interventions. Two reviewers independently reviewed the full text and extracted data by using standard forms. Risk of bias was assessed using either the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials for randomized controlled trials or an adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for nonrandomized studies. RESULTS: Our search identified 12 intervention studies (i.e., interventions that used AI/automation to improve PrEP care). Currently available intervention studies showed AI/automation interventions were acceptable and feasible in PrEP care while improving PrEP-related outcomes (i.e., knowledge, uptake, adherence, discussion with care providers). These interventions have used AI/automation to reduce workload (e.g., directly observed therapy) and helped non-HIV specialists prescribe PrEP with AI-generated clinical decision-support. Automated tools can also be developed with limited budget and staff experience. CONCLUSIONS: AI and automation have high potential to improve PrEP care. Despite limitations of included studies (e.g., the small sample sizes and lack of rigorous study design), our review suggests that by using aspects of AI and automation appropriately and wisely, these technologies may accelerate PrEP use and reduce HIV infection.

Strategies to Eliminate Inequity in PrEP Services in the US South and Rural Communities.

ABSTRACT: Inequity in preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care in the US South and rural communities is likely attributed to Social Determinants of Health and structural issues beyond individuals' control. We describe three approaches to modify PrEP care practice models to make access easier-"normalizing," "digitalizing," and "simplifying." "Normalizing" approaches are defined as practice models where medical providers who have access to PrEP candidates prescribe PrEP routinely (e.g., primary care providers, community pharmacists); these approaches are found to be highly applicable in real-world settings. Telehealth and other dHealth tools are examples of "digitalizing" PrEP, and their use has been increasing rapidly since the COVID-19 pandemic. "Simplifying" PrEP care (e.g., with HIV self-testing, on-demand PrEP) is highlighted in the most recent World Health Organization PrEP guideline. Identifying, implementing, and scaling up these new strategies can allow PrEP candidates to access it, potentially addressing inequities and promoting HIV risk reduction in the US South and rural communities.

Continuous monitoring of activity and vital signs with load cells under the bed legs in advanced cancer patients: a prospective exploratory observational study-can it represent performance status?

BACKGROUND: Activity levels of patients often scaled as performance status (PS) is the most important scale in oncology populations for treatment decisions and prognosis prediction. However, it is usually subjective and open to bias. The need for more objective and reliable assessment tools is mandatory for safe and effective oncology practice. To investigate the reliability of continuous vital and activity evaluation monitored by bed sensor systems in advanced cancer patients, we conducted a cohort pilot study in hospitalized cancer patients under several PS conditions. METHODS: Adult patients, either admitted in the oncology department or palliative care unit, were enrolled in the study after written informed consent. Continuous monitoring for 48 hours from the first night of admission was performed without any restrictions on the patients. Calculated acceleration of movement [activity index (ACI)], % time on bed and number of bed leave in an 8-hour period, as well as other vital signs were monitored. Analysis focused on change of PS to 3, a standard cut-off for curative cancer treatment and PS4, vital for prognosis assessment. RESULTS: Nineteen patients' data were analyzed. In PS4 palliative care patients, ACI was significantly low and % time on bed was high from PS3 palliative care patients. Instabilities of respiratory rate, respiratory tidal weight and heart rate were significantly higher in palliative care patients (PS3, PS4) compared with oncology patients (PS1, PS2). CONCLUSIONS: This result, though in need of larger trials, shows possibilities for continuous objective monitoring of patients in bed for PS assessment in advanced cancer patients.

Systematic review of alternative HIV preexposure prophylaxis care delivery models to improve preexposure prophylaxis services.

OBJECTIVES: To identify types, evidence, and study gaps of alternative HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care delivery models in the published literature. DESIGN: Systematic review and narrative synthesis. METHODS: We searched in the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Prevention Research Synthesis (PRS) database through December 2022 (PROSPERO CRD42022311747). We included studies published in English that reported implementation of alternative PrEP care delivery models. Two reviewers independently reviewed the full text and extracted data by using standard forms. Risk of bias was assessed using the adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Those that met our study criteria were evaluated for efficacy against CDC Evidence-Based Intervention (EBI) or Evidence-Informed Intervention (EI) criteria or Health Resources and Services Administration Emergency Strategy (ES) criteria, or for applicability by using an assessment based on the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework. RESULTS: This review identified 16 studies published between 2018 and 2022 that implemented alternative prescriber ( n  = 8), alternative setting for care ( n  = 4), alternative setting for laboratory screening ( n  = 1), or a combination of the above ( n  = 3) . The majority of studies were US-based ( n  = 12) with low risk of bias ( n  = 11). None of the identified studies met EBI, EI, or ES criteria. Promising applicability was found for pharmacists prescribers, telePrEP, and mail-in testing. CONCLUSIONS: Delivery of PrEP services outside of the traditional care system by expanding providers of PrEP care (e.g. pharmacist prescribers), as well as the settings of PrEP care (i.e. telePrEP) and laboratory screening (i.e. mail-in testing) may increase PrEP access and care delivery.

What Factors Are Associated With Willingness to Use HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Among U.S. Men Who Have Sex With Men Not on PrEP? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

ABSTRACT: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), an antiretroviral medication to prevent HIV, is becoming more widely available in the United States since the Federal Drug Administration approved it in 2012. However, PrEP use among men who have sex with men (MSM) is still limited and many MSM who are willing to take PrEP are not on PrEP. We performed a systematic review to identify factors associated with willingness to use PrEP among MSM who are not on PrEP. The majority of the 23 relevant studies had low risk of bias and used a cross-sectional design. Willingness was associated with being Hispanic/Latino (odds ratio [OR] = 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.01-2.78]), Black (OR = 1.41, 95% CI [1.02-1.95]), younger (OR = 1.08, 95% CI [1.02-1.15]), having no college degree (OR = 1.37, 95% CI [1.12-1.59]), or low income (OR = 1.21, 95% CI [1.12-1.32]). A higher proportion of MSM who had recent condomless anal sex (OR = 1.85, 95% CI [1.49-2.29]) were diagnosed with sexually transmitted infection (OR = 1.60, 95% CI [1.27-2.01]), or MSM who had multiple sex partners (OR = 1.58, 95% CI [1.07-2.32]) were more willing to use PrEP compared with their respective counterparts. Findings suggest that MSM with racial/ethnic minority status, low-socioeconomic status, younger age, and engagement in HIV risk behaviors are willing to take PrEP but may lack access. Study limitations include the inability to conduct meta-analyses on certain predictor variables due to a small number of studies. This review identified MSM subpopulations who may benefit from interventions increasing PrEP access.

Utilization of HIV Prevention, Care, and Treatment Services Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Persons of Color in the U.S. South: A Qualitative Analysis.

To better understand utilization of HIV prevention, care, and treatment services by young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and young transgender persons (YTG), of Black race or Hispanic/Latino/Latina ethnicity in the U.S. South, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 127 clients at one of four community based organizations (CBOs) in Miami, Atlanta, New Orleans/Baton Rouge, or Columbia, South Carolina. Across sites, the service that most commonly drew respondents into the CBO was HIV and STD testing. Other services commonly used included HIV/STI treatment, counseling services/support groups, and PrEP services. Social/organizational/structural facilitators of service utilization include the welcoming climate/culture of the CBOs, ease of access to the services, and transportation services to reach the CBOs. Suggested service enhancements include broader range of comprehensive, navigational-type services beyond HIV testing and service co-location. Research on how to reduce stigma in the surrounding communities may help reduce health disparities experienced by these populations.

Strategies to improve HIV care outcomes for people with HIV who are out of care.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of five intervention strategies: patient navigation, appointment help/alerts, psychosocial support, transportation/appointment accompaniment, and data-to-care on HIV care outcomes among persons with HIV (PWH) who are out of care (OOC). DESIGN: A systematic review with meta-analysis. METHODS: We searched CDC's Prevention Research Synthesis (PRS) Project's cumulative HIV database to identify intervention studies conducted in the U.S., published between 2000 and 2020 that included comparisons between groups or prepost, and reported at least one relevant outcome (i.e. re-engagement or retention in HIV care, and viral suppression). Effect sizes were meta-analyzed using random-effect models to assess intervention effectiveness. RESULTS: Thirty-nine studies reporting on 42 unique interventions met the inclusion criteria. Overall, intervention strategies are effective in improving re-engagement in care [odds ratio (OR) = 1.79;95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.36-2.36, k = 14], retention in care (OR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.64-2.64, k = 22), and viral suppression (OR = 2.50;95% CI: 1.87-3.34, k = 27). Patient navigation, appointment help/alerts, psychosocial support, and transportation/appointment accompaniment improved all three HIV care outcomes. Data-to-care improved re-engagement and retention but had insufficient evidence for viral suppression. CONCLUSION: Several strategies are effective for improving HIV care outcomes among PWH who are OOC. More work is still needed for consistent definitions of OOC and HIV care outcomes, better reporting of intervention and cost data, and identifying how best to implement and scale-up effective strategies to engage and retain OOC PWH in care and reach the ending the HIV epidemic goals.

HIV Patient Navigation in the United States: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis of Navigators' Experiences.

Patient navigation is increasingly used to link and (re)engage persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to care. A more holistic understanding of patient navigation can be achieved by exploring the experiences of navigators, the persons who comprise half of the navigation process. We conducted a meta-synthesis of navigator experiences with HIV patient navigation using a phenomenological approach. We identified nine relevant studies. Data were analyzed using thematic synthesis. Analysis identified two overarching themes relating to (1) the breadth and depth of bidirectional relationships and functional activities that navigators undertake to connect their clients to care and (2) the inherently personal experience of delivering navigation services. From these thematic findings, we recommend that HIV patient navigators exhibit capacity and expertise in developing and maintaining interpersonal relationships with clients and health care systems/providers and develop self-care practices and emotional boundaries with clients. Our review seeks to advance public health research and practice by articulating key experiences and perspectives of HIV patient navigators, drawing findings and recommendations applicable to the development, implementation, and evaluation of HIV patient navigation.

Health Care Providers' Views on Clinic Infrastructure and Practice Models That May Facilitate HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Prescribing: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective biomedical HIV prevention tool. Increasing PrEP use among populations disproportionately affected by HIV is one of the key efforts in the United States' Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiative and the HIV National Strategic Plan for the United States. Given that PrEP is available only through prescription, it is important to explore structural, organizational, or environmental factors that could facilitate or impede health care provider's PrEP prescribing behavior. The purpose of this systematic review (PROSPERO [CRD: 42019138889]) is to identify qualitative studies that addressed this topic and conduct meta-synthesis using the thematic synthesis method to identify major themes on the characteristics of clinic infrastructure or clinic models that providers consider as facilitators of PrEP prescribing in the United States. Eighteen citations representing 15 studies were included in this review. Five overarching themes were identified: (1) routinized HIV risk assessment; (2) interdisciplinary/coordinated PrEP teams or services; (3) clinic capacity to provide essential PrEP-related services; (4) low out-of-pocket patient costs; and (5) access to the priority populations. Some of these themes are consistent with the recommendations of CDC's PrEP clinical guidelines and the EHE initiative. More recent studies that include perspectives of diverse providers, timely analysis of these studies, and implementation research to assess strategies to address the current practice gaps are needed to further promote PrEP prescribing among providers in the United States.

Restricting Access: A Secondary Analysis of Scope of Practice Laws and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Prescribing in the United States, 2017.

ABSTRACT: To assess advanced practitioners' scope of practice laws (i.e., legal authority providers can prescribe regulated medications) as potential barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), we conducted an analysis using IQVIA Real World Data in association with scope of practice law classifications supplied by the American Association of Nurse Practitioners and scopeofpracticepolicy.org. Nurse practitioners in states that allowed independent scope of practice were 1.4 times more likely to have prescribed PrEP compared with nurse practitioners in states where their prescribing authority is determined by a supervising medical doctor (MD). Physician assistants in states where the law or a state board defined their prescribing authority were more than twice as likely to prescribe PrEP compared with those in states where a supervising MD oversaw prescribing rights. Our findings suggest that restricting scope of prescribing practice by requiring MD oversight limits PrEP access and poses a barrier to scaling up PrEP.

Preclinical Verification of the Efficacy and Safety of Aqueous Plasma for Ovarian Cancer Therapy.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. The major cause of EOC's lethality is that intraperitoneal recurrence occurs with high frequency due to occult metastasis. We had demonstrated that plasma-activated medium (PAM) exerts a metastasis-inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. Here we investigated how PAM inhibits intraperitoneal metastasis. We studied PAM's inhibition of micro-dissemination onto the omentum by performing in vivo imaging in combination with a sequential histological analysis. The results revealed that PAM induced macrophage infiltration into the disseminated lesion. The iNOS-positive signal was co-localized at the macrophages in the existing lesion, indicating that PAM might induce M1-type macrophages. This may be another mechanism of the antitumor effect through a PAM-evoked immune response. Intraperitoneal lavage with plasma-activated lactate Ringer's solution (PAL) significantly improved the overall survival rate in an ovarian cancer mouse model. Our results demonstrated the efficiency and practicality of aqueous plasma for clinical applications.

Effects of opioids on respiration assessed by a contact-free unconstraint respiratory monitor with load cells under the bed in patients with advanced cancer.

Nocturnal periodic breathing of chronic opioid users has been predominantly documented by the use of polysomnography. No previous studies have assessed the opioid effects of respiratory rhythms throughout the day without the use of physical restraint. We recently developed a contact-free unconstraint vital sign monitoring system with four load cells placed under the bed legs, which allows continuous measurements of respiratory change at the center of gravity on the bed. We aimed to reveal details of the patient's 24-h respiratory status under a monitoring system and to test the hypothesis that respiratory rhythm abnormalities are opioid dose-dependent and worsen during the night time. Continuous 48-h respiratory measurements were successfully performed in 51 patients with advanced cancer (12 opioid-free patients and 39 opioid-receiving patients). Medians of respiratory variables with minimal body movement artifacts were calculated for each 8-h split time period. Compared with opioid-free patients, opioid-receiving patients had slower respiratory rate with higher respiratory rate irregularity without changing tidal centroid shift regardless of the time period. Irregular ataxic breathing was only identified in opioid-receiving patients (33%, P = 0.023) whereas incidence rate of periodic breathing did not differ between the groups. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that opioid dose was an independent risk factor for occurrence of irregular breathing [odds ratio 1.81 (95% CI: 1.39-2.36), P < 0.001], and ataxic breathing [odds ratio 2.08 (95% CI: 1.60-2.71), P < 0.001]. Females developed the ataxic breathing at lower opioid dose compared with males. We conclude that respiratory rhythm irregularity is a predominant specific feature of opioid dose-dependent respiratory depression particularly in female patients with advanced cancer.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Through usage of a novel contact-free unconstraint vital sign monitoring system with four load cells placed under the bed legs allowing continuous measurements of respiratory changes of center of gravity on the bed, this study is the first to assess detailed respiratory characteristics throughout day and night periods without interference of daily activities in patients with advanced cancer receiving opioids. Respiratory rhythm irregularity is a predominant specific feature of opioid dose-dependent respiratory depression particularly in female patients with advanced cancer.

Toward An Enhanced Understanding of HIV Patient Navigation as a Health Care Intervention: An Analysis of Navigation in Practice.

Patient navigation is a promising strategy for improving health among persons with multiple barriers to HIV care, yet little is known about navigation's core components. From 24 systematically identified navigation studies, we abstracted navigators' activities, grouped activities into 20 thematic activity categories, and ordered them by frequency. Subsequently, Principal Components Analysis of activity categories was used identify independent clusters. Accompaniment characterized 71% of navigation programs; ≥ half included health education (58%), collaboration/coordination (58%), linkage-to-care (54%), transportation support (54%), service referrals (50%) and instrumental support (50%). Five unique components (comprising 13 activity categories) were identified: (1) services beyond office, (2) health education and relationship building, (3) accompaniment and instrumental support, (4) locating patients and tracking information, and (5) beyond HIV care. Navigators who located patients or tracked information were less likely to provide accompaniment or instrumental support (r = - 0.60, p = 0.002). Findings can enhance precision in developing, describing, evaluating and improving navigation programs.

Is Patient Navigation Used by People with HIV Who Need It? An Assessment from the Medical Monitoring Project, 2015 - 2017.

We (1) estimated the prevalence of not getting patient navigation despite feeling a need for the service (unmet subjective need) or despite having unsuppressed viral load (unmet objective need) among people with HIV (PWH), (2) determined reasons why PWH did not use the service, and (3) determined factors associated with unmet need for patient navigation. We used combined data from the 2015 to 2017 cycles of the Medical Monitoring Project, an HIV surveillance system designed to produce nationally representative estimates of the characteristics of adults with diagnosed HIV infection in the United States. Six percent reported unmet subjective need and 28% had unmet objective need for patient navigation. When needs were combined, more than a third had unmet need for the service. Among PWH with unmet subjective need for patient navigation, 77% reported lack of knowledge about patient navigation as a reason for nonuse. Younger age, female gender, racial/ethnic minority status, limited health literacy, homelessness, incarceration history, lack of health insurance/coverage, noninjection drug use, depression, and recent HIV diagnosis were associated with unmet subjective or objective need for patient navigation. One in three PWH did not use patient navigation despite needing the service. Lack of knowledge about patient navigation was a barrier to use, calling for increased availability, and promotion of such services. PWH with social and economic vulnerabilities were less likely to get patient navigation when needed. It is important to address the question of how to make this service available to everyone who needs it.

Age- and Race/Ethnicity-Specific Sex Partner Correlates of Condomless Sex in an Online Sample of Hispanic/Latino, Black/African-American, and White Men Who Have Sex with Men.

We sought to identify and compare correlates of condomless receptive anal intercourse with HIV-positive or unknown status partners (CRAI) for younger (< 25 years) and older (≥ 25 years) Hispanic/Latino, black/African-American, and white men who have sex with men (MSM). Baseline data from the Evaluation of Rapid HIV Self-Testing among MSM Project (eSTAMP), a randomized controlled trial with MSM (n = 2665, analytical sample size = 2421), were used. Potential correlates included participants' sociodemographic characteristics and HIV status as well as the characteristics of participants' partners. Younger Hispanic/Latino and black men were most likely to report having older sex partners (≥ 50% of partners being at least 5 years older), and having older partners was a significant correlate of CRAI among younger Hispanic/Latino and white men. Regardless of race/ethnicity, not knowing one's HIV status was a significant correlate of CRAI among younger men, whereas having a black sex partner was a significant correlate among older men. HIV prevention initiatives could address these and other correlates specific to race/ethnicity groups to target their prevention resources and messaging.

Client Perspectives and Experiences With HIV Patient Navigation in the United States: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis.

Patient navigation is increasingly utilized to link and (re)engage persons with HIV to care. Understanding client experiences with HIV patient navigation can facilitate intervention design and translation of evidence to practice. We conducted a qualitative meta-synthesis of client experiences with HIV patient navigation. Data were analyzed using thematic synthesis. We identified seven relevant studies; all collected data via in-depth interviews with persons with HIV who participated in HIV patient navigation. Four interrelated themes emerged from analysis that pertain to (1) the complexity of the health and social service environment and the holistic approaches taken by the navigator, (2) the profound significance of the client-navigator relationship, (3) client reluctance to end the navigation program, and (4) client self-efficacy and feelings of hope and psychological change as a result of their navigation experience. The unifying theme across all studies was the value and impact of the client-navigator relationship on client experience and quality of life. Programs should consider hiring navigators who possess strong relational skills and are peers of the clients, and clearly delineating the role of the navigator. Research should examine the impact of the client-navigator relationship on client outcomes and further investigate how participating in patient navigation affects client self-efficacy, client resiliency, and the role of posttraumatic growth to achieve improved HIV outcomes. This review underscores the significance of the relationship within intensive, multilevel interventions for individuals and communities marginalized and isolated from health and social service systems.

Mapping the Study Characteristics and Topics of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Research Literature: A Scoping Review.

Since WHO released the first PrEP guidance in 2012, the PrEP research literature has rapidly increased, but PrEP uptake is still low. To identify research gaps, this scoping review describes study characteristics, identifies populations, and maps study topics in PrEP publications. We identified 561 PrEP primary studies published in English between 2006 and 2018. The most commonly used study design was cross-sectional. Almost half of studies were conducted in non-U.S. countries and focused on men who have sex with men. We mapped study topics using five categories. The most studied category was Potential PrEP user/prescriber (41.3%) followed by Considerations while on PrEP (28.2%), PrEP efficacy and safety (20.9%), Cost-effectiveness or economic evaluation (5.2%), and Methods of and experiences with PrEP clinical trials (4.2%). Although the PrEP literature has dramatically increased, some research areas (e.g., PrEP awareness in non-U.S. countries, intervention studies to promote PrEP use) and populations (e.g., Black women) are still understudied.

Mapping the study topics and characteristics of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis research literature: a protocol for a scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: The research literature addressing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has increased considerably over the last decade. To better understand the research areas and explore research gaps, we will conduct a scoping review to map study topics and describe study characteristics and populations in publications focused on PrEP. The purpose of this protocol is to describe planned methods for the scoping review. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will implement a comprehensive systematic literature search to identify PrEP citations in the United States Centres for Disease Control and Prevention HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Synthesis Project database that is unique and extensively focuses on HIV/sexually transmitted infections/hepatitis. We will screen and include studies that are (1) focused on HIV PrEP, (2) primary research with human participants and (3) published in English. Two reviewers will independently abstract data on authors' names, study years, countries, population characteristics and design. To describe and summarise study topics, we will use 19 codes and five categories that were developed from a preliminary study. The five categories are category 1: potential PrEP user/prescriber (behaviours/issues for potential PrEP takers/healthcare professionals), category 2: considerations while on PrEP (experiences of and problems related to staying on or prescribing PrEP), category 3: PrEP efficacy and safety (biomedical aspects and medication efficacy), category 4: methods of and experiences with PrEP clinical trials (possesses/experiences of clinical trials) and category 5: cost-effectiveness or economic evaluation (cost studies). Data will be analysed with descriptive statistics. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The findings will be presented at HIV-related conferences and published in peer-review journals.

Is co-location of services with HIV care associated with improved HIV care outcomes? A systematic review.

This systematic review identifies models of service co-location, a structural intervention strategy to remove barriers to HIV care and services, and examines their associations with HIV care outcomes. A cumulative database (e.g., MEDLINE, EMBASE) of HIV, AIDS, and STI literature was systematically searched and manual searches were conducted to identify relevant studies. Thirty-six studies were classified into six models of co-location: HIV care co-located with multiple ancillary services, tuberculosis (TB) care, non-HIV specific primary care, drug abuse treatment, prevention of mother to child transmission programs (PMTCT), and mental health care. More evidence of a positive association was seen for linkage to care and antiretroviral therapy (ART) uptake than for retention and viral suppression. Models of co-location that addressed HIV and non-HIV medical care issues (i.e., co-location with non-HIV specific primary care, PMTCT, and TB) had more positive associations, particularly for linkage to care and ART uptake, than other co-location models. While some findings are encouraging, more research with rigorous study designs is needed to strengthen the evaluation of, and evidence for, service co-location.

Is HIV patient navigation associated with HIV care continuum outcomes?

OBJECTIVE: To provide the first systematic review on the associations between HIV patient navigation and HIV care continuum outcomes (i.e. linkage to care, retention in care, antiretroviral therapy (ART) uptake, medication adherence, and viral suppression) in the United States. We identified primary research studies that addressed these associations and qualitatively assessed whether provision of patient navigation was positively associated with these outcomes, including strength of the evidence. METHODS: A systematic review, including both electronic [MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE (OVID), PsycINFO (OVID), and CINAHL (EBSCOhost)] online databases and manual searches, was conducted to locate studies published from 1 January 1996 through 23 April 2018. RESULTS: Twenty studies met our inclusion criteria. Of these, 17 found positive associations. Patient navigation was more likely to be positively associated with linkage to care (five of six studies that assessed this association), retention in care (10 of 11), and viral suppression (11 of 15) than with ART uptake (one of four) or ART adherence (two of four). However, almost two-thirds of the 17 studies were of weak study quality, and only three used a randomized controlled trial design. CONCLUSION: Available evidence suggests that patient navigation is a potentially effective strategy to enhance engagement in care among persons with HIV. However encouraging, the evidence is still weak. Studies with more rigorous methodological designs, and research examining characteristics of navigators or navigational programs associated with better outcomes, are warranted given the current interest and use of this strategy.