ABSTRACT
AIMS: In this study, we aimed to investigate how positivity for L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) was associated with outcome and relapse pattern in patients with Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique (FIGO) stage IA-IB endometrial cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 358 patients who underwent surgical treatment for endometrial carcinoma. Tumor samples from 312 patients (87.2%) were available for L1CAM analysis by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Of the 312 tumor samples analyzed, 93 (29.8%) were L1CAM-positive. L1CAM positivity was significantly more common in grade 3 compared to grade 1-2 carcinomas (p=0.02). Patients with L1CAM positivity more commonly experienced disease progression. Distant metastasis was significantly associated with L1CAM positivity (p=0.01). Progression-free interval and overall survival did not significantly differ between L1CAM-positive and L1CAM-negative cases. CONCLUSION: L1CAM is a promising independent prognostic marker associated with aggressive tumor behavior and recurrence risk, but not with overall survival.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Endometrioid/genetics , Endometrial Neoplasms/genetics , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics , Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1/genetics , Adult , Aged , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Carcinoma, Endometrioid/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Endometrioid/pathology , Cell Adhesion , Disease Progression , Endometrial Neoplasms/epidemiology , Endometrial Neoplasms/pathology , Female , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Humans , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis , Progression-Free SurvivalABSTRACT
Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in most developed countries of the world. Pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, and toxins can significantly contribute to the overall cardiovascular burden and thus deserve attention. The present article is a systematic overview of drugs that may induce distinct cardiovascular toxicity. The compounds are classified into agents that have significant effects on the heart, blood vessels, or both. The mechanism(s) of toxic action are discussed and treatment modalities are briefly mentioned in relevant cases. Due to the large number of clinically relevant compounds discussed, this article could be of interest to a broad audience including pharmacologists and toxicologists, pharmacists, physicians, and medicinal chemists. Particular emphasis is given to clinically relevant topics including the cardiovascular toxicity of illicit sympathomimetic drugs (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines, cathinones), drugs that prolong the QT interval, antidysrhythmic drugs, digoxin and other cardioactive steroids, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, female hormones, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, and anticancer compounds encompassing anthracyclines and novel targeted therapy interfering with the HER2 or the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway.
