New axonemal dynein heavy chains from Tetrahymena thermophila.

Two dyneins can be extracted from Tetrahymena ciliary axonemes. The 22S dynein contains three heavy chains (HC), sediments at 22S in a sucrose gradient, and makes up the outer arms. The 14S dynein contains two to six HCs, sediments at 14S, and is thought to contribute to formation of the inner arms. We have identified two large proteins that are extracted from Tetrahymena axonemes with high salt and that sediment together at approximately 18S. The two large proteins cleave when subjected to UV light in the presence of ATP and vanadate, suggesting both proteins are dynein HC. Antibodies against one of the 18S HCs do not recognize 22S dynein HCs. Antibodies to 22S dynein HC do not bind appreciably to 18S dynein photocleavage fragments. Taken together, these results indicate that the large proteins that sediment at 18S are axonemal dynein heavy chains.

Characterization of human bactericidal antibodies to Bordetella pertussis.

The Bordetella pertussis BrkA protein protects against the bactericidal activity of complement and antibody; however, some individuals mount an immune response that overcomes this bacterial defense. To further characterize this process, the bactericidal activities of sera from 13 adults with different modes of exposure to B. pertussis (infected as adults, occupational exposure, immunized with an acellular vaccine, or no identified exposure) against a wild-type strain and a BrkA complement-sensitive mutant were evaluated. All of the sera killed the BrkA mutant, suggesting past exposure to B. pertussis or cross-reactive organisms. Several samples had no or minimal activity against the wild type. All of the sera collected from the infected and occupationally exposed individuals but not all of the sera from vaccinated individuals had bactericidal activity against the wild-type strain, suggesting that some types of exposure can induce an immune response that can overcome the BrkA resistance mechanism. Adsorbing serum with the wild-type strain removed the bactericidal antibodies; however, adsorbing the serum with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mutant or an avirulent (bvg mutant) strain did not always result in loss of bactericidal activity, suggesting that antibodies to either LPS or bvg-regulated proteins could be bactericidal. All the samples, including those that lacked bactericidal activity, contained antibodies that recognized the LPS of B. pertussis. Bactericidal activity correlated best with the presence of the immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3) antibodies to LPS, the IgG subtype that is most effective at fixing complement.