Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms in Saudi population with cardiovascular diseases.

BACKGROUND: Toll-like receptors play a substantial role in innate immunity and the effects of TLR4 genetic variants on cardiovascular diseases are still largely unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of TLR4 polymorphisms on cardiovascular diseases risk in the Saudi population. METHODS: Three tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2770150, rs10759931, and rs4986790) in TLR4 were studied on 222 unrelated patients with cardiovascular diseases and 190 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: We found that, in patients over 60 years old, the frequency of the TT genotype in rs2770150 and the variant allele G in rs10759931 were higher compared to the control group. Based on gender, the genotype frequency of rs2770150 increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases in female patients by 3.6-fold. The allele frequency for the G allele of rs10759931 increased the risk for CVDs in male patients by more than 1.5-fold. Furthermore, the genotype frequency of rs2770150 had a significant association with cardiovascular diseases in patients without hypertension and G allele of rs10759931 significantly increased the risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients that smoked. After Bonferroni correction only patients without hypertension showed significant risk of CVD with rs2770150. CONCLUSION: A deeper understanding of the genetic variability of TLR4 will enable us to better identification of biomarkers for early detection and prognosis, and also enhance the decision-making process of treatments for cardiovascular diseases.

Assessment of Image Quality of Repeated Limited Transthoracic Echocardiography After Cardiac Surgery.

OBJECTIVES: The use of limited transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) has been restricted in patients after cardiac surgery due to reported poor image quality. The authors hypothesized that the hemodynamic state could be evaluated in a high proportion of patients at repeated intervals after cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Tertiary university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: The study comprised 51 patients aged 18 years or older presenting for cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Patients underwent TTE before surgery and at 3 time points after cardiac surgery. Images were assessed offline using an image quality scoring system by 2 expert observers. Hemodynamic state was assessed using the iHeartScan protocol, and the primary endpoint was the proportion of limited TTE studies in which the hemodynamic state was interpretable at each of the 3 postoperative time points. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Hemodynamic state interpretability varied over time and was highest before surgery (90%) and lowest on the first postoperative day (49%) (p<0.01). This variation in interpretability over time was reflected in all 3 transthoracic windows, ranging from 43% to 80% before surgery and from 2% to 35% on the first postoperative day (p<0.01). Image quality scores were highest with the apical window, ranging from 53% to 77% across time points, and lowest with the subcostal window, ranging from 4% to 70% across time points (p< 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Hemodynamic state can be determined with TTE in a high proportion of cardiac surgery patients after extubation and removal of surgical drains.

Repeated Monitoring With Transthoracic Echocardiography and Lung Ultrasound After Cardiac Surgery: Feasibility and Impact on Diagnosis.

OBJECTIVES: Cardiorespiratory complications are common after cardiac surgery and current monitors used to diagnose these are invasive and have limitations. Transthoracic echocardiography and lung ultrasound are noninvasive and frequently improve diagnosis in critically ill patients but have not been reported for routine postoperative monitoring after coronary, valve, and aortic surgery. The aim was to determine whether both repeated postoperative transthoracic echocardiography and lung ultrasound revealed or excluded clinically important cardiac and respiratory disorders compared to conventional monitoring and chest x-ray. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Tertiary university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-one patients aged older than 18 undergoing cardiac surgery INTERVENTIONS: Postoperative clinical patient assessment for significant cardiac and respiratory disorders by the treating physician was recorded at 3 time points (day after surgery, after extubation and removal of chest drains and at discharge) using conventional monitoring and chest x-ray. After each assessment, transthoracic echocardiography and lung ultrasound were performed, and differences in diagnosis from conventional assessment were recorded. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Transthoracic echocardiography was interpretable in at least 1 echocardiographic window in 99% of examinations. Transthoracic echocardiography and/or lung ultrasound changed the diagnosis of important cardiac and/or respiratory disorders in 61 patients (67%). New cardiac findings included cardiac dysfunction (38 patients), pericardial effusion (5), mitral regurgitation (2), and hypovolemia (1). New respiratory findings included pleural effusion (30), pneumothorax (4), alveolar interstitial syndrome (3) and consolidation (1). CONCLUSIONS: Routine repeated monitoring with cardiac and lung ultrasound after cardiac surgery is feasible and frequently alters diagnosis of clinically important cardiac and respiratory pathology.

Absence of obesity paradox in Saudi patients admitted with acute coronary syndromes: insights from SPACE registry.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To describe the distribution of body mass index (BMI) and its relationship with clinical features, management, and in-hospital outcomes of patients admitted with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). DESIGN AND SETTINGS: The Saudi Project for Assessment of Coronary Events is a prospective registry. ACS patients admitted to 17 hospitals from December 2005-2007 were included in this study. METHODS: BMI was available for 3469 patients (68.6%) admitted with ACS and categorized into 4 groups: normal weight, overweight, obese, and morbidly obese. RESULTS: Of patients admitted with ACS, 72% were either overweight or obese. A high prevalence of diabetes (57%), hypertension (56.6%), dyslipidemia (42%), and smoking (32.4%) was reported. Increasing BMI was significantly associated with diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Overweight and obese patients were significantly younger than the normal-weight group (P=.006). However, normal-weight patients were more likely to be smokers and had 3-vessel coronary artery disease, worse left ventricular dysfunction, and ST elevation myocardial infarction. Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonists were used significantly more in overweight, obese, and morbidly obese ACS patients than in normal-weight patients (P≤.001). Coronary angiography and percutaneous intervention were reported more in overweight and obese patients than in normal-weight patients (P≤.001). In-hospital outcomes were not significantly different among the BMI categories. CONCLUSION: High BMI is prevalent among Saudi patients with ACS. BMI was not an independent factor for in-hospital outcomes. In contrast with previous reports, high BMI was not associated with improved outcomes, indicating the absence of obesity paradox observed in other studies.

DNA polymorphisms of the lipoprotein lipase gene and their association with coronary artery disease in the Saudi population.

UNLABELLED: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major health problem and a major cause of death in most countries. Evidence has been presented that gene polymorphisms (HindIII, PvuII and Ser447Ter) of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) are risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD). AIM: Our objective of the present investigation was to determine whether 3 LPL polymorphisms (LPL-HindIII, LPL-PvuII and LPL-Ser447Ter) can be considered as independent risk factors for CAD in the Saudi population. METHODS: We recruited 120 CAD subjects, confirmed angiographically with identical ethnic backgrounds and 65 control subjects. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) technique was used to detect the polymorphisms of the LPL gene. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: For the HindIII genotype, within the CAD group, the frequencies of the H(+)H(+) were found in 50.8%, whereas 44.2% carried the H(-)H(+) genotype, and 5% carried the H(-)H(-) genotype. Within the control group, the H(+)H(+) genotype was found in 44.6%, whereas 35.4% carried the H(-)H(+) genotype, 20% carried the H(-)H(-) genotype. The odds ratio (OR) of HindIII genotype H(+)H(+)vs. H(-)H(-) genotype at 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were 4.6 (1.57-13.2) and p < 0.005, hence showing no significant association with CAD. For the PvuII genotype, within the CAD group the frequencies of the P(+)P(+) found in 41.7% whereas 43.3.2% carried the P(-)P(+) genotype, and 15% carried the P(-)P(-) genotype. Within the control group the P(+)P(+) was found in 38.5%, 43.0% carried the P(-)P(+) genotype, and 18.5% carried the P(-)P(-) genotype. The OR of PvuII genotype P(+)P(+)vs. P(-)P(-) genotypes (95% CI) is 1.33 and p = 0.52; hence, it was also insignificant to show association with the disease. For the Ser447Ter genotype, within the CAD group, the frequencies of the C/C found in 83.3%, whereas 16.7% carried the C/G genotype. Within the control group, the C/C was found in 87.7% and 12.3% carried the C/G genotype. We did not get any GG genotypes in control as well as patients for this gene. It can be concluded that C allele of gene masks the presence of G allele in the Saudi population. The OR of CG + GG vs. CC (95% CI) is 1.43 from 0.59 to 3.44 which is insignificant. Hence this gene also has no significant association with CAD in the Saudi population.